Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

地理学报(英文版), 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

ID	Longitude	Latitude	Altitude (m)	Vegetation type	Period	Pearson’s R
1	81.08	43.09	1851	Typical grassland	1990-2015	0.70**
2	87.11	43.27	1941	Typical grassland	2004-2015	0.77**
3	93.09	43.36	1679	Desert grassland	1990-2015	0.72**
4	93.67	43.3	2720	Desert grassland	2010-2019	0.57*
5	93.6	43.35	2100	Coniferous forest	1960-2013	0.47*
6	78.27	40.56	1679	Desert grassland	1990-2015	0.73**
7	87.93	44.29	1051	Desert grassland	2005-2015	0.69**

Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results

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Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)
Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020
Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020
Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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