Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

地理学报(英文版), 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

Station	R10mm	R20mm	R25mm	R95p	R99p	Rx1day	Rx5day	PRCPTOT	SDII	CDD	CWD
Wenquan	0.79**	0.69**	0.35*	0.87**	0.76**	0.63**	0.66**	0.71**	0.69**	0.66**	0.81**
Zhaosu	0.63**	0.69**	0.67**	0.66**	0.80**	0.59**	0.67**	0.74**	0.64**	0.86**	0.66**
Xiaoquzi	0.64**	0.60**	0.57**	0.55**	0.63**	0.54**	0.57**	0.65**	0.65**	0.58**	0.68**
Baluntai	0.63**	0.66**	0.78**	0.68**	0.66*	0.67**	0.54**	0.84**	0.69**	0.72**	0.67**
CHON-ASHU	0.68**	0.77**	0.66**	0.79**	0.47**	0.72**	0.72**	0.90**	0.63**	0.66**	0.60**
Tianchi	0.76**	0.65**	0.28	0.59**	0.38*	0.87**	0.43*	0.36*	0.29	0.37*	0.40*
Dabancheng	0.54**	0.58**	0.62**	0.62**	0.60**	0.65**	0.69**	0.63**	0.67**	0.43*	0.72**
Mulei	0.79**	0.65**	0.75**	0.71**	0.52**	0.68**	0.77**	0.73**	0.63**	0.65**	0.66**
Bayinbuluke	0.81**	0.66**	0.57**	0.81**	0.61**	0.70**	0.82**	0.49**	0.58**	0.69**	0.72**
Hejing	0.68**	0.46*	0.64**	0.65**	0.22	0.61**	0.69**	0.77**	0.38*	0.44*	0.64**
CHON-ARIK	0.64**	0.66**	0.88**	0.74**	0.83**	0.64**	0.59**	0.76**	0.75**	0.76**	0.78**
Wushi	0.62**	0.74**	0.56**	0.68**	0.54**	0.57**	0.38*	0.69**	0.63**	0.65**	0.74**
Baicheng	0.70**	0.61**	0.76**	0.79**	0.59**	0.50**	0.82**	0.76**	0.65**	0.79**	0.76**
Tuergate	0.63**	0.77**	0.61**	0.65**	0.50**	0.64*	0.69**	0.65**	0.68**	0.62**	0.63**
Atushi	0.59**	0.84**	0.73**	0.63**	0.55**	0.63**	0.64**	0.62**	0.63**	0.65**	0.69**
Wuqia	0.74**	0.80**	NA	0.85**	0.57**	0.56**	0.67**	0.66**	0.71**	0.75**	0.72**
KUGALI	0.71**	0.69**	0.73**	0.61**	0.64**	0.64**	0.67**	0.71**	0.63**	0.79**	0.55**
Aheqi	0.69**	0.52**	0.58**	0.56**	0.53**	0.66**	0.64**	0.82**	0.57**	0.69**	0.69**
Balikun	0.66**	0.72**	0.70**	0.62**	0.69**	0.78**	0.69**	0.72**	0.60**	0.66**	0.74**
Chaomaohu	0.77**	0.67**	0.78**	0.76**	0.67**	0.68**	0.83**	0.61**	0.75**	0.76**	0.68**
PRZHEVALSK	0.78**	0.63**	0.56**	0.75**	0.65**	0.68**	0.74**	0.79**	0.56**	0.67**	0.74**

Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020

本文的其它图/表

Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)
Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020
Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020
Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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