Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

地理学报(英文版), 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

Indices	Definitions	Units
SU	Monthly count when TX (daily maximum) >25℃	Days
ID	Monthly count when TX (daily maximum) < 0℃	Days
TR	Monthly count when TN (daily minimum) >20℃	Days
FD	Monthly count when TN (daily minimum) < 0℃	Days
TXx	Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature	℃
TXn	Monthly minimum value of daily maximum temperature	℃
TNx	Monthly maximum value of daily minimum temperature	℃
TNn	Monthly minimum value of daily minimum temperature	℃
TX90p	Days when TX > 90th percentile	Days
TX10p	Days when TX < 10th percentile	Days
TN10p	Days when TN < 10th percentile	Days
TN90p	Days when TN > 90th percentile	Days
DTR	Monthly mean difference between TX and TN	℃
WSDI	Monthly count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX > 90th percentile	Days
CSDI	Monthly count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TN < 10th percentile	Days
RX1day	Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation	mm
RX5day	Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation	mm
SDII	Monthly total precipitation divided by the number of wet days (defined as precipitation > 1 mm) in the month	mm day^-1
R10mm	Monthly count of days when precipitation > 10 mm	Days
R20mm	Monthly count of days when precipitation > 20 mm	Days
R25mm	Monthly count of days when precipitation > 25 mm	Days
CDD	Maximum number of consecutive days with precipitation < 1 mm	Days
CWD	Maximum number of consecutive days with precipitation ≥ 1 mm	Days
R95p	Monthly total precipitation when daily precipitation >95th percentile	mm
R99p	Monthly total precipitation when daily precipitation >95th percentile	mm
PRCPTOT	Monthly total precipitation in wet days	mm

Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)

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Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020
Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020
Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020
Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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