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  • SUN Liying, WANG Chunhui, DUAN Guangyao
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 610-630. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2220-4

    In the present study, indoor experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of rainfall on subsequent wind erosion processes on the simulated Gobi surface, with soils and gravels collected from the Alax Gobi in northwestern China. The results showed that the wind erosion rate (WR) ranged from 0.4 to 1931.2 g m-2 min-1 and that the sediment transportation rate (STR) ranged from 0.00 to 51.47 g m-2 s-1 under different gravel coverage conditions (0%, 20%, 40% and 60%) when the wind velocity changed from 6 m s-1 to 18 m s-1. Both WR and STR increased with increasing wind velocity as a power function and decreased with increasing gravel coverage. The rainfall event had significant inhibitory effects on WR and STR, and the complex effects of soil crust formation and the changing soil surface roughness (SSR) by rainfall event played significant roles in reducing these rates during subsequent wind erosion. In this study, a valuable exploration of the effects of rainfall events on subsequent wind erosion processes in the Gobi area was conducted. The findings are of great significance for a better understanding and effective prediction of dust emissions in this region.

  • SHI Xiaorui, YANG Peng, XIA Jun, ZHANG Yongyong, HUANG Heqing, ZHU Yanchao
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 633-653. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2221-3

    The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is a vital ecological zone in China owing to its sensitive and fragile environment. Under the long-term influence of climate changes and artificial factors, the relationship between precipitation, vegetation, and surface water in the YRB has changed drastically, ultimately affecting the water resources and environmental management. Therefore, we applied multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and surface water changes in the YRB from 2000 to 2021. Furthermore, we attempted to clarify the ecological effects of precipitation by explaining the relationship between precipitation and vegetation in terms of the time-lag relationship using the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement algorithm, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and hydrological databases. Precipitation, vegetation, and area of surface water in the YRB showed increasing trends from 2000-2021 (e.g., 7.215 mm/yr, 0.004 NDVI/yr, and 0.932 km2/yr, respectively). The water level in the upper reaches of the YRB showed a downward trend, whereas that in the middle and lower reaches exhibited an upward trend. Changes in precipitation had a positive effect on vegetation and surface water in the YRB, with correlation coefficients of 0.63 and 0.51, respectively. The responses of NDVI and surface water elevation to precipitation were heterogeneous and delayed, with the majority showing a lag time of approximately ≤ 16 days. Moreover, the lag times of Longyangxia Lake and Ngoring-Co Lake were 0 and 8 days, respectively. We showed that precipitation variability can effectively explain vegetation improvement and increases in surface water elevation, while providing a proven scenario for predicting the surface water and vegetation productivity under the influence of climate change.

  • CHEN Wei, JIANG Yifei, LIU Zhigao
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 763-778. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2226-y

    This research aimed to understand supply and demand in the global nickel market from a product chain perspective. Accordingly, we established an extensive time-series database for the nickel trade network and employed network analysis methods to explore the dynamics and shifts in the global nickel trade network. The results are as follows: first, refined nickel and nickel semis dominated global nickel trade; second, the interaction between different nickel product networks profoundly affected the global nickel supply chain; third, the global nickel trade network consisted of core-periphery structures exhibiting different degrees of spatial heterogeneity; and fourth, the most connected global backbone structure was in nickel semis, followed by refined nickel, nickel ore, and nickel scrap. Together, trade in these four products constituted an overall network topology characterized by complex forms, a clear hierarchy, and uneven development. We conclude the paper by making several recommendations to secure global nickel supply chains and promote nickel circular economy.

  • 研究论文
    LUO Yuanbo, ZHOU Yuke, ZHOU Chenghu
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(10): 1883-1903. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2275-2

    Changes in surface temperature extremes have become a global concern. Based on the daily lowest temperature (TN) and daily highest temperature (TX) data from 2138 weather stations in China from 1961 to 2020, we calculated 14 extreme temperature indices to analyze the characteristics of extreme temperature events. The widespread changes observed in all extreme temperature indices suggest that China experienced significant warming during this period. Specifically, the cold extreme indices, such as cold nights, cold days, frost days, icing days, and the cold spell duration index, decreased significantly by −6.64, −2.67, −2.96, −0.97, and −1.01 days/decade, respectively. In contrast, we observed significant increases in warm extreme indices. The number of warm nights, warm days, summer days, tropical nights, and warm spell duration index increased by 8.44, 5.18, 2.81, 2.50, and 1.66 d/decade, respectively. In addition, the lowest TN, highest TN, lowest TX, and highest TX over the entire period rose by 0.47, 0.22, 0.26, and 0.16°C/decade, respectively. Furthermore, using Pearson’s correlation and wavelet coherence analyses, this study identified a strong association between extreme temperature indices and atmospheric circulation factors, with varying correlation strengths and resonance periods across different time-frequency domains.

  • HUANG Gengzhi, LIU Shuyi, CAI Bowei, WANG Bo
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(5): 835-854. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2229-8

    Social upgrading does not inherently follow economic upgrading; rather, they present a complex interplay. This paper, focusing on China, utilizes the coupling coordination degree and a panel regression model to shed light on the intricate interaction between social upgrading and economic upgrading. It is found that the coupling coordination degree of social and economic upgrading in China has improved from 0.33 to 0.49 since the mid-1990s, undergoing a shift from a stage of slight imbalance to low-level coordination. However, significant regional disparities are present in terms of economic upgrading, social upgrading, and their coupling coordination degree. Developed areas exhibit a higher degree of coupling coordination compared to less developed regions, indicating a connection between the coupling coordination degree and the level of economic growth. Economic globalization, public governance, and the legal environment positively impact the coupling coordination between social and economic upgrading, while economic privatization and corporate violations of law exert negative effects. The paper concludes with policy discussions for enhancing the coupling coordination between social and economic upgrading.

  • ZHANG Yaru, YAO Rui, ZHU Zhizhou, JIN Hengxu, ZHANG Shuliang
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 654-680. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2222-2

    Population exposure is a dominant representation of rainstorm hazard risks. However, the refined precipitation data in temporal resolution and the comparison of exposure to different rainstorm events remain relatively unexplored. Hourly precipitation data from 165 meteorological stations w used to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of population exposure to different rainstorm scenarios in the prefecture-level cities for different periods and age groups. The Geographical Detector was adopted to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors and contribution rates to changes in population exposure during each period. The results revealed that population exposure to persistent rainstorms and abrupt rainstorms was low in the center and high in the surrounding areas, and the high exposure value decreased significantly in the 2010s. Additionally, as the duration of rainstorm events increased, the center of the high-value area of population exposure shifted southward. The distribution of population exposure was closely related to the age structure, demonstrating strong consistency with the distribution of different age groups. Except for abrupt rainstorms, the contribution rates of the average land GDP and urbanization rate to the exposure of all rainstorm scenarios increased significantly. This implies that the main factors influencing population exposure have shifted from meteorological to socioeconomic factors.

  • WU Dawei, MA Lu, YAN Xuedong
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 804-833. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2228-9

    Commuting is an important part of primary school students’ travel behavior, which has been concerned for a long time. We found that the commute-mode choice behavior of primary school students in the context of regional segmentation shows strong characteristics in space, but has not yet been considered in traditional research. To fill this gap, this study summarizes the commute-mode choices of primary school students with different characteristics based on the Beijing School Commute Survey. And the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is built to analyze the zonal heterogeneity of the impact of personal characteristics, family factors and school factors on the primary school students’ commute- mode choices from a low-carbon perspective. The results demonstrate that the possibility of primary school students choosing low-carbon commuting modes is positively correlated with the grade, commuting time, commuting escort type and housing category, but is inversely related with the commuting distance and the distance from the school to the city center. The coefficient estimates of explanatory variables vary across regions. Finally, we put forward policy suggestions regarding promoting the low-carbon commuting structure, such as developing the urban slow traffic system, which serve as a reference for policymakers.

  • HE Yao, YANG Yongchun, WANG Shaobo
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 779-803. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2227-x

    Based on the data of listed companies in the core industry chain of China's new energy vehicles in 2015 and 2021, this paper constructs their industrial network from the perspective of the value chain, and uses methods such as social network and negative binomial regression model to study the characteristics, evolution, differences, and formation mechanisms of different value chain networks. The results show that: (1) R&D-oriented, production-oriented, and service-oriented networks share several common features: These networks are simultaneously expanding in scale and transitioning towards more efficient “small world” network; The degree distribution in these networks follows a power-law distribution, indicating a scale-free network structure; There is a decrease in the power-law exponent of network’s degree distribution, indicating an increase in network heterogeneity. Furthermore, there is a significant positive correlation between the degrees of nodes in networks with diverse value chains, suggesting that the same node holds a similar level of significance across different networks. (2) The number of power-prestige, power and prestige nodes increases in the networks of all value chain segments, except in the service-oriented network, where there are no power nodes. In each value chain network, these nodes have different agglomeration directions: In R&D-oriented network, the nodes tend to cluster around headquarters and high-level cities. In contrast, service-oriented network shows a concentration of nodes in municipalities, sub-provincial and provincial capitals. Similarly, production-oriented network demonstrates a clustering of nodes in traditional production bases. (3) Different value-added segments of industry form different types of agglomeration in pursuit of different factor endowments and agglomeration effect, and form the spatial structure of the strongest connection industrial network with different characteristics. The R&D-oriented networks have always been an integrated and closely connected multiple core-periphery structure community with the influence of social, technological and geographical proximities; Transformation of service-oriented network from an integrated and closely connected multiple core-periphery structure community to a multiple core-semi-periphery-periphery structure community with the influence of social, geographical and institutional proximities; Transformation of production-oriented network from the partially integrated and localized core-periphery structure community to the more decentralized multiple independent core-periphery structure community with the influence of the social, institutional of administrative boundaries and geographical proximities.

  • MA Kai, SHEN Chaopeng, XU Ziyue, HE Daming
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(5): 963-984. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2235-x

    The imbalance in global streamflow gauge distribution and regional data scarcity, especially in large transboundary basins, challenge regional water resource management. Effectively utilizing these limited data to construct reliable models is of crucial practical importance. This study employs a transfer learning (TL) framework to simulate daily streamflow in the Dulong-Irrawaddy River Basin (DIRB), a less-studied transboundary basin shared by Myanmar, China, and India. Our results show that TL significantly improves streamflow predictions: the optimal TL model achieves an average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.872, showing a marked improvement in the Hkamti sub-basin. Despite data scarcity, TL achieves a mean NSE of 0.817, surpassing the 0.655 of the process-based model MIKE SHE. Additionally, our study reveals the importance of source model selection in TL, as different parts of the flow are affected by the diversity and similarity of data in the source model. Deep learning models, particularly TL, exhibit complex sensitivities to meteorological inputs, more accurately capturing non-linear relationships among multiple variables than the process-based model. Integrated gradients (IG) analysis further illustrates TL’s ability to capture spatial heterogeneity in upstream and downstream sub-basins and its adeptness in characterizing different flow regimes. This study underscores the potential of TL in enhancing the understanding of hydrological processes in large-scale catchments and highlights its value for water resource management in transboundary basins under data scarcity.

  • LIANG Liqiao, LIU Qiang, LI Jiuyi
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(8): 1457-1471. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2256-5

    To understand the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation (P) in the Third Pole region (centered on the Tibetan Plateau-TP), it is necessary to quantify the interannual periodicity of P and its relationship with large-scale circulations. In this study, Morlet wavelet transform was used to detect significant (p<0.05) periodic characteristics in P data from meteorological stations in four climate domains in the Third Pole, and to reveal the major large-scale circulations that triggered the variability of periodic P, in addition to bringing large amounts of water vapour. The wavelet transform results were as follows. (1) Significant quasi- periodicity varied from 2 to 11 years. The high-frequency variability mode (2 to 6 years quasi-periods) was universal, and the low-frequency variability mode (7 to 11 years quasi-periods) was rare, occurring mainly in the westerlies and Indian monsoon domains. (2) The majority of periods were base periods (53%), followed by two-base periods. Almost all stations in the Third Pole (95%) showed one or two periods. (3) Periodicity was widely detected in the majority of years (84%). (4) The power spectra of P in the four domains were dominated by statistically significant high-frequency oscillations (i.e., with short periodicity). (5) Large-scale circulations directly and indirectly influenced the periodic P variability in the different domains. The mode of P variability in the different domains was influenced by interactions between large-scale circulation features and not only by the dominant circulation and its control of water vapour transport. The results of this study will contribute to better understanding of the causal mechanisms associated with P variability, which is important for hydrological science and water resource management.

  • DONG Qingdong, ZHU Lianqi, DUAN Zheng, WANG Liyuan, CHEN Chaonan, LI Yanhong, ZHU Wenbo, GURUNG Sher Bahadur
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(7): 1253-1279. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2247-6

    In the context of global warming, escalating water cycles have led to a surge in drought frequency and severity. Yet, multidecadal fluctuations in drought and their multifaceted influencing factors remain inadequately understood. This study examined the multidecadal changes in drought characteristics (frequency, duration, and severity) and their geographical focal points within China’s north-south transitional zone, the Qinling-Daba Mountains (QDM), from 1960 to 2017 using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). In addition, a suite of eight scenarios, correlation analysis, and wavelet coherence were used to identify the meteorological and circulation factors that influenced drought characteristics. The results indicate the following: (1) From 1960 to 2017, the QDM experienced significant interdecadal variations in drought frequency, duration, and severity, the climate was relatively humid before the 1990s, but drought intensified thereafter. Specifically, the 1990s marked the period of the longest drought duration and greatest severity, while the years spanning 2010 to 2017 experienced the highest frequency of drought events. (2) Spatially, the Qinling Mountains, particularly the western Qinling Mountain, exhibited higher drought frequency, duration, and severity than the Daba Mountains. This disparity can be attributed to higher rates of temperature increase and precipitation decrease in the western Qinling Mountain. (3) Interdecadal variations in droughts in the QDM were directly influenced by the synergistic effects of interdecadal fluctuations in air temperature and precipitation. Circulation factors modulate temperature and precipitation through phase transitions, thereby affecting drought dynamics in the QDM. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation emerges as the primary circulation factors influencing temperature changes, with a mid-1990s shift to a positive phase favoring warming. The East Asian Summer Monsoon and El Niño-Southern Oscillation are the main circulation factors affecting precipitation changes, with positive phase transitions associated with reduced precipitation, and vice versa for increased precipitation.

  • KANG Lei, MA Li, LIU Yi
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 722-744. doi: 10.1007/s11442-023-2191-x

    Different types of urban construction land are different in terms of driving factors for their expansion. Most existing studies on driving forces for urban construction land expansion have considered the construction urban land as a whole and have not examined and compared the differentiated driving forces for different types of construction land expansion. This study explored the differentiated driving mechanisms for two types of urban construction land expansion by selecting key driving factors and using spatial econometric regression and geographical detector models. The results show that there are significant differences in the driving forces for expansion between the two types of urban construction land. The driving factors of urban land expansion do not necessarily affect industrial parks. And the factors acting on expansion of both types are different in influence degree. For urban expansion, economic density growth, the value-added growth of tertiary industries, and proximity to urban centers have a negative effect. However, urbanization levels and value-added growth of secondary industries have a positive effect. The explanatory power of these factors is arranged in the following descending order: value-added growth of tertiary industries, value-added change of secondary industries, urban population growth, economic density growth, and proximity to urban centers; road network density has no significant effect. For industrial parks expansion, the value-added growth of secondary industries and road network density has a positive effect, while economic density growth has a negative effect. The explanatory power is arranged in the following descending order: value-added growth of secondary industries, road network density, and economic density growth. The findings can help implement differentiated and refined urban land use management policies.

  • CHEN Xiaohong, AN Yongle, PAN Wei, WANG Ying, CHEN Lintao, GU Yue, LIU Haihan, YANG Fan
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(8): 1589-1614. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2262-7

    The joint study of agriculture and rural areas is of great significance for safeguarding agricultural development, revitalizing rural areas, and enhancing farmers’ well-being. This paper aims to assess the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the coupling and coordination degree of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency and their dynamic transfer law and driving mechanisms, based on panel data of 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2010 to 2020. The results showed: (1) Good coupling and coordination of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency, with reduced temporal differentiation degrees between regions; (2) Significant spatial autocorrelation between the overall coupling and coordination degrees of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency, forming cold spot and hot spot spatial patterns in the western and eastern parts, respectively, with a central transition area; (3) A spillover effect of the dynamic transfer process, with a manifested specific law as “club convergence”, “Matthew effect”, and progressive development characteristics; (4) The key roles of the natural, social, economic, and policy indicators in the coupling and coordination development process of agricultural resilience and rural land use efficiency. However, the selected indicators showed substantial spatial differences in their influences on the coupling and coordination process between provinces.

  • MA Libang, ZONG Yanling, WANG Xiang, SHI Zhihao, ZHANG Wenbo
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 439-458. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2212-4

    Due to rapid socio-economic development and urban-rural integration, the rural population is increasingly moving away from the primary industry, leading to a noticeable transformation of rural farmland use. This paper analyzed the changes in farmland use and the mechanisms in 213 villages of Longxi county, China in 2020, using multiple linear regression models, based on the aforementioned situation. Analysis revealed main findings: (1) Male and young and middle-aged emigration levels are concentrated in areas with higher and lower values, the emigration of talent is more evenly distributed. Overall, male emigration rates were high in all directions and low in the central area, whereas the young and middle-aged emigration rates exhibited a pattern of high loss in the north and south extremes, and low loss in the central area. The emigration of talent demonstrated a pattern of low losses to the east and high losses to the west of the G30 national highway. (2) Primary farmland use behavior was self-cultivation, then abandonment and finally transfer, with over 60% of the total area in 179 villages used for self-cultivation compared to less than 5% in 164 villages allocated for transfer, while less than 30% of the area in 179 villages was abandoned. (3) Significant differences were observed in the factors that influenced various farmland use behaviors, emigration of male, young and middle-aged and talent were the common influencing factors observed among all three types of farmland uses. The loss of males, young and middle-aged had a significant association with reduced self-cultivation while the emigration of talent led to an increase in self-cultivation use. Increased emigration of all three population constituencies significantly increased farmland transfer and abandonment. The conclusions carry significant theoretical and practical implications for enhancing the coordination of rural human-land relationships and improvement of the understanding of the relationship between population migration and farmland use.

  • LI Boyan, WANG Yunchen
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 527-542. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2216-0

    The area of land that is affected by soil erosion in the Yangtze River has been reduced by 146,000 km2 (accounting for 27% of the entire Yangtze River) since 2000. However, the contributions of different tributaries to this soil erosion decline and the underlying causes have not been determined. Here we quantify the soil erosion decline in the Yangtze River and the impacts of the Grain-for-Green Programme (GFGP) and climate change using the RUSLE model and statistical methods. The results were as follows: (1) After the implementation of the GFGP, soil erosion decreased in ten sub-basins excluding the Dongting Lake catchment; (2) Soil erosion was mainly affected by the GFGP and the rainfall erosivity. Specifically, the contributions of the GFGP and rainfall erosivity to soil erosion decline are estimated to be 70.12% and 29.88%, respectively. (3) “Scenario #9” means the combination of slope (15°-25°) of retired farmland converted to shrub land and slope (>25°) of retired farmland converted to grassland. Considering scenario feasibility and management targets, Scenario #9 was the most appropriate land use scenario for the Yangtze River. This study offers insights into managing and reducing soil erosion in the future.

  • CHEN Kunqiu, CHEN Yunya, LONG Hualou, LI Ninghui
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 417-438. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2211-5

    China's rural territory is entering a critical stage of transformation and development. Promoting rural development and transformation is an important path to achieve rural vitalization, and land consolidation is expected to become the starting point to boost rural transformation. To clarify the internal relationship between land consolidation and rural development transformation is an important scientific proposition. This paper constructs a theoretical framework of rural land consolidation (RLC) affecting rural development transformation (RDT), and analyzes the historical evolution process and characteristics of RLC and rural development in China. Based on government interviews and household surveys, this paper analyzes the impact of RLC on RDT under different geographic types and different consolidation models from a multi-subject perspective, and empirically tests the effects using the econometric model. China's rural land consolidation has also gradually transformed to multi-type and multi-functional comprehensive consolidation. The results show that there are many explicit and implicit mechanisms of the influence of RLC on RDT in China, such as mechanism of promotion of industrial development, mechanism of integration of development factors, mechanism of urbanization and mechanism of urban-rural interaction. And the results of different modes of RLC impact on RDT are different. Farmers have a high degree of support and satisfaction with RLC since RLC has improved their production and living conditions as well as household and village income. Besides, the effects of various types of RLC on RDT are positive. The authors argue that constructing human-land early warning mechanisms, optimizing the layout and performance evaluation of RLC and promoting multi-type development and multisystem coordination of RLC can elevate the effect of RLC on RDT. This paper provides reference for scientific decision-making of RDT from the perspective of RLC.

  • XU Feng, WANG Huan, ZUO Danyu, GONG Ziqiang
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(5): 871-890. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2231-1

    Urbanization interacts with land use through resource consumption and space encroachment. Clarifying the spatial correlations of the interactive relationship between urbanization and land use, along with their spatiotemporal dynamics, is of vital importance for addressing the complex interplay between urban development and land resources and identifying regional differences. However, previous studies have not sufficiently explored these issues. Herein, we introduce a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model and present the results of exploratory spatiotemporal analyses involving in-depth investigation of the CCD between urbanization quality and land-use intensity in 290 Chinese cities. The results demonstrate that the CCD for most cities was at the transition-period or basic-coordination stage. The dynamics of the spatial correlation of the CCD was found to increase from the east to the central and western regions, but this was found to decline overall. The movement direction and spatial dependence of the local spatial structure of the CCD exerted a dominant synergistic effect. The transition of the spatial correlation was mainly Type I (stable local and neighboring morphology), showing strong transfer inertia, path dependence, and locking features. Dynamic transitions occurred more in central and eastern cities. The results suggest that more cross-city cooperation could contribute to moderate land-resource exploitation for high-quality urbanization.

  • GUO Chang, JIN Xiaobin, YANG Xuhong, XU Weiyi, SUN Rui, ZHOU Yinkang
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 745-762. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2225-z

    Cultivated land plays a pivotal role in ensuring national food security, particularly in populous nations like China, where substantial investments are made to develop cultivated land as a counterbalance to construction-occupied areas. Consequently, long-term, effective monitoring of the utilization of newly cultivated land becomes imperative. This study introduces a comprehensive monitoring framework, designed for refined scales, that leverages remote sensing data. The framework focuses on the sustainable utilization of newly cultivated land, emphasizing utilization sustainability, productivity stability, and landscape integration. Its effectiveness was validated through a case study in Guangdong province, China. The results revealed satisfactory utilization sustainability and improved productivity stability of newly cultivated land in Guangdong, though landscape integration showed sub-optimal results. Furthermore, the comprehensive evaluation categorized the newly cultivated land into three levels and eight types. The study recommends enhancing the site selection process for newly cultivated land and improving the long-term monitoring, as well as incentive and constraint mechanisms, for their utilization. This study can provide a scientific reference to bolster the implementation of cultivated land protection policies, thereby contributing significantly to high-quality economic and social development.

  • WANG Hao, ZHANG Xiaoyuan, ZHANG Xiaoyu, LIU Ruowen, NING Xiaogang
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(5): 1007-1036. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2237-8

    In the context of accelerated globalization, intercity factor flows are becoming increasingly dependent on a reasonable and orderly spatial structure. Therefore, an in-depth study of the optimization and adjustment of spatial structure is essential for coordinated development. This study quantitatively evaluated urban development levels and introduced network analysis methods to analyse the spatial structure and robustness of development. The results indicated the following: (1) The urban development level in the Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei (BTH) region increased in all dimensions, and the transmission efficiency significantly improved. (2) The spatial structure of the BTH region has been relatively stable, as illustrated by the main pattern of the spatial distribution of central cities, with a trend towards contiguous development. (3) The ranking of network robustness is environment>society>economy, and the core network and key nodes are primarily located within the radiation of the three central cities of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang. (4) The coordinated development of the BTH region is effective but still needs to be optimized and adjusted, and the strategic significance of edge cities has not been completely exploited. This study aims to provide an emerging analytical perspective for optimizing regional spatial structure and promoting regional coordinated development.

  • HE Tingting, LI Jianhua, ZHANG Maoxin, ZHAI Ge, LU Youpeng, WANG Yanlin, GUO Andong, WU Cifang
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 699-721. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2224-0

    In recent years, cropland development in high-slope regions in China has alleviated the contradiction between total cropland balance and insufficient development space. However, this change in cropland slope brings risks to sustainable resource utilization. This study explored the slope characteristics of cropland in China from 1990 to 2020 and assessed the gained cropland stability. The results showed that (1) From 1990 to 2020, the lost cropland area was greater than the gained area, and the distribution showed an uphill trend. (2) The areas with a significant upslope change in cropland were mainly concentrated in the southern plain, containing the central grain-producing regions at its core and other well-developed eastern coastal areas. (3) The areas with distinct downslope cropland changes were mainly concentrated in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers and the ecologically fragile areas of Inner Mongolia and the Loess Plateau. (4) The gained cropland stability was unsatisfactory; about one-third of the gained cropland was unstable, which had the highest abandonment rate within 5 years, and the gained cropland stability decreased with the slope. In addition, this study explored cropland conversion types at different slopes in different regions and discussed the reasons for slope cropland changes and gained cropland instability in different regions. Finally, optimization policies were proposed to protect and control newly gained cropland.

  • SUN Huijuan, MA Li, JIN Fengjun, HUANG Yujin
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 499-526. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2215-1

    Firm entry plays an important role in the industrial transformation of mature resource-based cities. This study describes the industrial evolution of resource-based cities at the firm level and uses kernel density estimation and econometric models to study the spatiotemporal characteristics and determinants of new firm entry from 2011 to 2019 in four mature resource-based cities. The results are summarized as follows: (1) New resource-based firm entry tends to be natural resource-oriented and path-dependent. The new non-resource- based firms show a high concentration in central urban areas, and the industry types are mainly wholesale and retail of resource products, cultural tourism, and equipment manufacturing. (2) Heterogeneous incumbent firms affect firm entry differently. Affected by competition and agglomeration effects, resource-based and non-resource-based incumbent firms have negative and positive impacts on new resource-based firm entry, respectively. Resource- based incumbent firm agglomeration positively influences new non-resource-based firm entry. (3) Besides incumbent firms, firm entry can also be affected by multidimensional factors, such as factor costs, economic environment, and institutional environment. Research on new firm entry can better reveal the path dependence and path creation process of the industrial development of resource-based cities from a micro-perspective.

  • DEDE Volkan, DENGİZ Orhan, DEMİRAĞ TURAN İnci, TÜRKEŞ Murat, ŞENOL Hüseyin, SERİN Soner
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 543-570. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2217-z

    The main aims of the current study are to determine the morphological features of the periglacial landforms (non-sorted step, mud circle, stony earth circle, thufur, and congeliturbation) located on the Ilgaz Mountains, examine the physicochemical and mineralogical properties with pedological processes of the soils, and assess of the effects of climatic conditions controlling the development of landforms. The Ilgaz Mountains (2587 m a.s.l.), located in the Western Black Sea Region, within the Anatolian Mountains, are important in terms of periglacial landforms (mud circles, stony earth circles, thufurs, non-sorted steps, non-sorted stripes, congeliturbation deposits, and block currents). The descriptive statistics of 123 periglacial landforms measured by fieldworks were analyzed. The distribution of freezing and thawing in the Ilgaz Mountains throughout the year was evaluated, and it was found that freezing takes place between December and March, freezing-thawing takes place in April, May, October and November, and thawing takes place between June and October. According to soil properties, organic matter content changes from 1.88% to 12.72% in non-sorted step soils, while it is between 2.03% and 12.24% in stony earth circle soils. The organic matter is observed to be close to congeliturbation deposits at lower ratios compared to non-sorted steps, stony earth circles and mud circles. The soil reactions on stony earth circles and non-sorted steps vary between slightly acidic and slightly alkaline. On the other hand, soil samples taken from the mud circles are different from those taken from the non-sorted steps and stony earth circles. Their soil reaction is acidic, and pH changes between 4.86 and 6.25. The lime content also varies between 2.81% and 32.08%, with an average of 12.02%. The texture properties of soils are dominantly loam and clay loam, as in the non-sorted steps, stony earth circles, and mud circles. Considering their mineralogical properties, the XRD study was carried out to determine the primer mineral types and abundance degrees of soils of periglacial landforms. Quartz, muscovite and albite minerals were found in soils in the stony earth circle, while quartz, muscovite, orthoclase and albite minerals were determined as primary minerals in soils formed on the thufur landforms.

  • LI Zihua, DING Mingjun, XIE Kun, LI Jingru, CHEN Liwen
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(5): 855-870. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2230-2

    Construction land expansion is a key driver of urbanization and industrialization, yet it poses the risk of losing farmland and cascading impacts on food supply. The spatial characteristics of farmland occupied by construction land and its association with grain yield in China were unclear. We analyzed the characteristics of farmland converted into construction land, and its relationship with grain yield in China for 2000-2020. Construction land increased in area in central and western regions of China, and farmland decreased in area in southeastern China. The expansion of construction land in the North China Plain, Northeast China Plain, and the Loess Plateau, occurred at the expense of farmland. Except the southeast coast of China, grain yield increase was only weakly dependent on farmland area. Patterns in which farmland was converted into construction land and grain-yield change were highly coupled in southeastern coastal China, Sichuan Basin, Shandong Peninsula, and the Hu Huanyong Line. It should be noted that expansion in construction land area does have some influence on grain production; ultimately it is greatly affected by yield per unit area.

  • HU Xu, QIAN Lingxin, NIU Xiaoyu, GAO Ming, LUO Wen, YUAN Linwang, YU Zhaoyuan
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(3): 459-482. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2213-3

    The simulation of intercity population mobility helps to deepen the understanding of intercity population mobility and its underlying laws, which has great importance for epidemic prevention and control, social management, and even urban planning. There are many factors that affect intercity population mobility, such as socioeconomic attributes, geographical distance, and industrial structure. The complexity of the coupling among these factors makes it difficult to simulate intercity population mobility. To address this issue, we propose a novel method named the quantum harmonic oscillator model for simulation of intercity population mobility (QHO-IPM). QHO-IPM describes the intercity population mobility as being affected by coupled driving factors that work as a multioscillator-coupled quantum harmonic oscillator system, which is further transformed by the oscillation process of an oscillator, namely, the breaking point of intercity population mobility. The intercity population mobility among seven cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its surrounding region is taken as an example for verifying the QHO-IPM. The experimental results show that (1) compared with the reference methods (the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and long and short-term memory (LSTM) models), the QHO-IPM achieves better simulation performance regarding intercity population mobility in terms of both overall trend and mutation. (2) The simulation error in the QHO-IPM for different-level intercity population mobility is small and stable, which illustrates the weak sensitivity of the QHO-IPM to intercity population mobility under different structures. (3) The discussion regarding the influence degree of different driving factors reveals the significant “one dominant and multiple auxiliary” factor pattern of driving factors on intercity population mobility in the study area. The proposed method has the potential to provide valuable support for understanding intercity population mobility laws and related decision-making on intercity population mobility control.

  • DONG Guanghui, LIANG Huan, LU Yongxiu, WANG Jia
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(4): 681-698. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2223-1

    Significant spatiotemporal variation in human livelihood patterns and its relationship to trans-Eurasian exchange and climate change in north China during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age, has been intensively studied in recent years, but the comprehensive influence of natural and social factors on this variation is not well understood. Therefore, we analyze archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological and carbon isotopic data from late Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in agricultural, pastoral, and agro-pastoral regions of north China. Our results demonstrate human subsistence strategies transformed at different speeds in these three geographic areas after wheat, barley, and sheep, goats, and cattle were introduced into north China. Introduced crops and livestock dominated human livelihoods in pastoral regions and became important subsistence in areas above ~1500 m a.s.l. in agro-pastoral regions after ~3600 BP. In agricultural regions, indigenous millet crops were the most important subsistence throughout 6000- 2200 BP, but wheat use increased significantly around 2700 BP. Our study suggests that the introduction of new crops and herbivorous livestock related to the prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange, and their adaptive advantage in high-cold environments might have rapidly facilitated human adaptability and social development in pastoral regions and northwest margin of agro-pastoral regions during the Bronze Age.

  • HUANG Jie, WANG Jiaoe
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(8): 1657-1674. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2265-4

    Resilience studies have long been a focal point in the fields of geography, social science, urban studies, and psychology. Recently, resilience studies from multiple disciplines have scrutinized resilience at an individual scale. As one important behavior in the daily life of human beings, travel behavior is characterized by spatial dependence, spatiotemporal dynamics, and group heterogeneity. Moreover, how to understand the interaction between travel behavior (or demand) and transportation supply and their dynamics is a fundamental question in transportation studies when transportation systems encounter unexpected disturbances. This paper refines the definition of travel behavior resilience based on fundamental theories from multiple disciplines, including ecology, transportation engineering, and psychology. Additionally, this paper proposes a conceptual theoretical framework of travel behavior resilience based on the dynamic equilibrium characteristics of transportation supply and demand. In general, travel behavior has three stages of variation, namely, dramatic reduction, rapid growth, and fluctuation recovery, which have helped capture the travel behavior resilience triangle. Then, we construct a corresponding evaluation methodology that is suitable for multiscale and multidimensional perspectives. We emphasize that the evaluation of travel behavior resilience should be process-oriented with temporal continuity or capture the inflection points of travel behavior. Using multisource big data such as mobile phone signaling data and smart card data, this paper reviews empirical studies on travel behavior resilience, exploring its spatial heterogeneity and group differences. With location-based analysis, we confirm that people show greater travel behavior resilience in places where people engage in various socioeconomic activities. The group-based analysis shows that age and socioeconomic attributes of mobility groups significantly affect travel behavior resilience. Travel behavior resilience can be one pillar, offering geographic perspectives in resilience studies. In the future, the study of travel behavior resilience at multiple scales and from multiple perspectives can explore the spatial heterogeneity of transportation re-equilibrium and travel modal differences, contributing to urban spatial structure studies. Studying travel behavior resilience can provide scientific and technological support for urban management and resilient city construction.

  • 研究论文
    WANG Sheng, WANG Jianwen, ZHU Meilin, YAO Tandong, PU Jianchen, WANG Jinfeng
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(10): 1904-1924. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2276-1

    Glaciers are considered to be ‘climate-sensitive indicators’ and ‘solid reservoirs’, and their changes significantly impact regional water security. The mass balance (MB) from 2011 to 2020 of the Qiyi Glacier in the northeast Tibetan Plateau is presented based on field observations. The glacier showed a persistent negative balance over 9 years of in-situ observations, with a mean MB of −0.51 m w.e. yr−1. The distributed energy-mass balance model was used for glacier MB reconstruction from 1980 to 2020. The daily meteorological data used in the model were from HAR v2 reanalysis data, with automatic weather stations located in the middle and upper parts of the glacier used for deviation correction. The average MB over the past 40 years of the Qiyi Glacier was −0.36 m w.e. yr−1 with the mass losses since the beginning of the 21st century, being greater than those in the past. The glacier runoff shows a significant increasing trend, contributing ~81% of the downstream river runoff. The albedo disparity indicates that the net shortwave radiation is much higher in the ablation zone than in the accumulation zone, accelerating ablation-area expansion and glacier mass depletion. The MB of the Qiyi Glacier is more sensitive to temperature and incoming shortwave radiation variation than precipitation. The MB presented a non-linear reaction to the temperature and incoming shortwave radiation. Under future climate warming, the Qiyi Glacier will be increasingly likely to deviate from the equilibrium state, thereby exacerbating regional water balance risks. It is found that the mass losses of eastern glaciers are higher than those of western glaciers, indicating significant spatial heterogeneity that may be attributable to the lower altitude and smaller area distribution of the eastern glaciers.

  • HUANG Pei, ZHAO Xiaoqing, PU Junwei, GU Zexian, RAN Yuju, XU Yifei, WU Beihao, DONG Wenwen, QU Guoxun, XIONG Bo, ZHOU Longjin
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(5): 891-920. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2232-0

    Improving the supply-demand balance of ecosystem services (SDBES) from the perspective of land use is essential for managing regional ecosystem and realizing sustainable development. By combining land use with the supply and demand of ecosystem services (SDES), a technical framework for defining land use threshold and optimizing its structure to improve the SDBES state was constructed and applied to a practical case. The spatial pattern of supply and demand of each ES in Lancang county was distinctly heterogeneous, with significant differences in SDES across different land use types. Strong spatial heterogeneity existed in the ESDR of each ES at the grid scale, and the areas of deficit were ranked as carbon sequestration > water conservation > habitat quality > food production. The structure of dry land, paddy field, tea, evergreen broad-leaved forest, grassland, urban construction land, and industrial and mining construction land were the focus of land use optimization. Based on the land use area thresholds under the SDBES, the optimal land use structure for maximizing comprehensive benefits contributed to a balanced relationship between SDES and promoted sustainable regional development. The study provides a new perspective and method for improving the SDBES state, alleviating land conflicts, and managing ecological environment.

  • 研究论文
    WEI Zhongyin, TU Jianjun, XIAO Lin, SUN Wenjing
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(10): 1925-1952. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2277-0

    Since China’s reform and opening-up in 1978, rapid urbanization has coincided with a surge in carbon emissions. Statistical, geospatial, and time-series analysis methods were utilized to examine the dynamic relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions over the past 43 years; elucidate the mechanisms through which dimensions of urbanization, such as population, land, economy, and green development, impact carbon emissions at various stages; and further explore the heterogeneity among cities of different scales. The analysis reveals that 2001 and 2011 represent significant turning points in China’s carbon emission growth “S” curve. The phase of rapid carbon emissions growth is associated with an increase in the urbanization rate from 40% to 50%, a shift in industrial structure from being dominated by secondary industry to tertiary industry, and a decrease in urban population density from 19,600 to 16,000 people per square kilometer of built-up area. Regions northeast of the “Bayannur-Ningde Line” have experienced rapid increases in carbon emissions, with large and medium-sized cities being the primary contributors nationwide. The TVP-VAR results indicate that higher urbanization rates have short-term carbon and mid- to long-term carbon-reducing effects. Population concentration in large cities facilitates short- to mid-term carbon reduction, whereas intensive urban development, industrial upgrading, and the promotion of clean energy use have sustained carbon-reducing effects. Carbon emissions exhibit path dependence. Increased urbanization rates in mega-cities and super-cities result in carbon-increasing effects, whereas the optimization of industrial structures exerts an inhibitory effect on carbon emissions in medium-sized and large cities. The changes in impulse response values of various variables are influenced by the developmental trajectory of Chinese cities from “small to large and then to agglomerations.” These recommendations indicate the necessity for differentiated emission reduction strategies contingent on the specific regions and types of cities in question.

  • ZHANG Jing, GUAN Chenyue, ZHANG Lin, YU Zhoulu, YE Chengxuan, ZHU Congmou, LI Sinan, WANG Ke, GAN Muye
    地理学报(英文版). 2024, 34(6): 1228-1250. doi: 10.1007/s11442-024-2246-7

    Rural vitality is the life force expressed by a combination of endogenous dynamics and external influences. Exploring the complex relationship between rural functions, elements and flows could achieve sustainable rural development. This study constructed a theoretical framework guided by the four functions of production, living, ecology and culture with the support of mobile big data. Furthermore, the network centrality of villages was estimated to reflect the intensity of urban-rural social mobility ties. The results indicated marked spatial disparities in rural vitality, and the coupling of ecological-cultural vitality has a high degree of coherence. Four rural vitality grades were identified: high level (38, 14.08%), medium-high level (66, 24.44%), medium-low level (110, 40.74%) and low level (56, 20.74%), covering 270 administrative village units. The flow intensity of social linkage elements is consistent with rural vitality and the socioeconomic spillover effect of urban centers on neighboring villages was noticeable. Topographic complexity negatively affected the living function, mainly in the T1 and T2 terrain gradients; the rural ecological function was not fully correlated with urban adjacency, and proximity could lead to adverse effects such as urban sprawl and resource destruction. The application of this study is to explore the importance of “flow” by utilizing mobile big data to refine the evaluation unit to the village scale. Accelerating the construction of network coverage and information interconnection and promoting the elemental flow of people, transportation and information between urban and rural areas are important ways to enhance rural vitality.