Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

地理学报(英文版), 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

Station	FD	ID	TN10p	TX10p	TN90p	TX90p	TR	SU	TNn	TXn	TNx	TXx	DTR	CSDI	WSDI	GSL
Wenquan	0.74**	0.88**	0.71**	0.74**	0.79**	0.63**	NA	0.64**	0.72**	0.72**	0.51**	0.80**	0.81**	0.87**	0.62**	0.67**
Zhaosu	0.83**	0.79**	0.63**	0.89**	0.63**	0.78**	NA	0.86**	0.76**	0.91**	0.89**	0.60**	0.71**	0.49**	0.70*	0.69**
Xiaoquzi	0.78**	0.68**	0.66**	0.74**	0.80**	0.82**	NA	0.65**	0.67**	0.91**	0.60**	0.86**	0.53**	0.68**	0.67**	0.75**
Baluntai	0.76**	0.72**	0.64**	0.75**	0.67**	0.68**	NA	NA	0.71**	0.79**	0.82**	0.79**	0.43*	0.88**	0.65**	0.74**
CHON- ASHU	0.86**	0.86**	0.72**	0.73**	0.80**	0.81**	NA	NA	0.69**	0.76**	0.68**	0.72**	0.45**	0.69**	0.72**	0.79**
Tianchi	0.75**	0.60**	0.85**	0.86**	0.74**	0.88**	NA	0.72**	0.73**	0.90**	0.68**	0.85**	0.52**	0.66**	0.71**	0.36*
Dabancheng	0.78**	0.54**	0.87**	0.87**	0.86**	0.78**	0.76**	0.87**	0.81**	0.84**	0.80**	0.74**	0.47**	0.75**	0.49**	0.79**
Mulei	0.90**	0.61**	0.87**	0.87**	0.86**	0.86**	0.73**	0.63**	0.96**	0.85**	0.91**	0.85**	0.81**	0.84**	0.63**	0.66**
Bayinbuluke	0.75**	0.76**	0.77**	0.85**	0.83**	0.77**	NA	0.80**	0.75**	0.84**	0.63**	0.76**	0.66**	0.72**	0.91**	0.47**
Hejing	0.65**	0.57**	0.70**	0.73**	0.88**	0.67**	NA	0.93**	0.76**	0.59**	0.73**	0.80**	0.95**	0.69**	0.61**	0.84**
CHON- ARIK	0.77**	0.88**	0.70**	0.73**	0.70**	0.62**	0.69**	0.60**	0.86**	0.70**	0.58**	0.74**	0.75**	0.76**	0.79**	0.62**
Wushi	0.89**	0.61**	0.65**	0.66**	0.66**	0.70**	NA	0.86**	0.69**	0.67**	0.72**	0.61**	0.69**	0.59**	0.52**	0.63**
Baicheng	0.79**	0.62**	0.74**	0.69**	0.77**	0.71**	0.78**	0.87**	0.68**	0.70**	0.80**	0.83**	0.72**	0.66**	0.63**	0.53**
Tuergate	0.63**	0.88**	0.81**	0.53**	0.81**	0.82**	NA	NA	0.63**	0.70**	0.63**	0.87**	0.51**	0.79**	0.84**	0.86**
Atushi	0.71**	0.84**	0.63**	0.91**	0.70**	0.81**	0.69**	0.79**	0.69**	0.87**	0.85**	0.74**	0.72**	0.73**	0.71**	0.60**
Wuqia	0.69**	0.72**	0.90**	0.82**	0.65**	0.82**	0.76**	0.65**	0.54**	0.69**	0.70**	0.78**	0.68**	0.40*	0.70**	0.71**
KUGALI	0.65**	0.84**	0.63**	0.87**	0.73**	0.86**	0.63**	0.74**	0.70**	0.74**	0.63**	0.75**	0.76**	0.79**	0.74**	0.60*
Aheqi	0.72**	0.83**	0.83**	0.78**	0.73**	0.79**	NA	0.79**	0.69**	0.63**	0.74**	0.77**	0.71**	0.61**	0.75**	0.83**
Balikun	0.74**	0.79**	0.79**	0.62**	0.61**	0.56**	NA	0.66**	0.64**	0.66**	0.86**	0.62**	0.66**	0.79**	0.80**	0.69**
Chaomao-hu	0.76**	0.86**	0.72**	0.83**	0.80**	0.87**	0.79*	0.82**	0.80**	0.75**	0.84**	0.84**	0.80**	0.65**	0.84**	0.88**
PRZHEVALSK	0.70**	0.76**	0.82**	0.88**	0.74**	0.82**	NA	0.67**	0.76**	0.87**	0.65**	0.78**	0.81**	0.77**	0.60**	0.71**

Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020

本文的其它图/表

Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)
Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020
Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020
Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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