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The morphology across tourism destinations: A case study in China
ZHENG Yunhao, LIU Zheyi, ZHANG Yi, Teemu MAKKONEN, JIANG Yanxiao, JIANG Kaifeng, LIU Yu
Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2025, 35(11): 2467-2489.   DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2421-5

Type Name Indicator Grouping by resource Grouping by
economy		 Grouping by
area size		 Grouping by
urbanization
Cultural Natural Developed Underdeveloped Large Small Extra-
urban		 Intra-
urban
Format: B (sig t ) [* p<0.05 ** p<0.01]
Points Tourist Attractions Average
Nearest Neighbor Index		 0.133
(0.783)		 0.038
(0.484)		 0.138
(1.343)		 0.000
(0.000)		 0.084
(0.784)		 0.153
(1.660)		 0.038
(0.446)		 -0.007
(-0.052)
Hospitality Facilities Average
Nearest Neighbor Index		 -0.019
(-0.151)		 -0.060
(-0.636)		 -0.121
(-1.216)		 0.066
(0.503)		 0.225
(1.340)		 -0.123
(-1.399)		 -0.055
(-0.492)		 -0.013
(-0.123)
Transport Infrastructures Average
Nearest Neighbor Index		 -0.095
(-0.832)		 -0.116
(-1.299)		 -0.030
(-0.330)		 -0.161
(-1.382)		 -0.341*
(-2.275)		 -0.052
(-0.650)		 -0.071
(-0.801)		 -0.107
(-0.866)
Type Name Indicator Grouping by resource Grouping by
economy		 Grouping by
area size		 Grouping by
urbanization
Cultural Natural Developed Underdeveloped Large Small Extra-
urban		 Intra-
urban
Lines Rivers River Density 0.134
(1.526)		 0.041
(0.421)		 0.034
(0.462)		 0.074
(0.632)		 -0.005
(-0.020)		 0.083
(1.241)		 -0.076
(-0.583)		 0.119
(1.609)
Roads Average
Degree		 0.176
(0.845)		 -0.004
(-0.039)		 0.055
(0.453)		 0.041
(0.264)		 -0.953**
(-3.308)		 0.184
(1.501)		 -0.003
(-0.032)		 -0.256
(-1.157)
(Dead-end Edges Length)% 0.205
(0.644)		 -0.081
(-1.176)		 -0.144
(-1.512)		 -0.042
(-0.433)		 -0.259*
(-2.478)		 -0.153
(-1.484)		 -0.100
(-1.344)		 -0.175
(-1.134)
(Bridge
Edges Length)%		 0.181*
(2.006)		 0.044
(0.932)		 0.060
(1.074)		 0.075
(1.129)		 0.002
(0.029)		 0.110
(1.926)		 0.062
(1.197)		 0.125
(1.440)
Road Density 0.129
(1.032)		 0.477**
(3.587)		 0.131
(1.459)		 0.414
(1.942)		 0.471*
(2.165)		 0.179
(1.925)		 0.804**
(2.844)		 0.125
(1.089)
Average
Circuity		 -0.620
(-1.921)		 -0.166
(-1.362)		 -0.303
(-1.945)		 -0.150
(-0.860)		 -0.447*
(-2.381)		 -0.354*
(-2.168)		 -0.215
(-1.729)		 0.234
(0.592)
Format: B (sig t ) [* p<0.05 ** p<0.01]
Planes Boundary Extends Fractal
Dimension		 0.104
(0.464)		 0.247
(1.455)		 0.301*
(2.021)		 0.146
(0.580)		 0.029
(0.131)		 0.329*
(2.013)		 0.225
(1.231)		 0.249
(1.255)
Boyce-Clark Shape Index -0.323
(-1.506)		 -0.136
(-1.137)		 -0.344**
(-2.875)		 0.005
(0.026)		 -0.075
(-0.459)		 -0.290*
(-2.333)		 -0.110
(-0.824)		 -0.297
(-1.769)
Landscapes Patch Density -0.382
(-0.756)		 -1.059*
(-1.989)		 -0.102
(-0.272)		 -0.948
(-1.613)		 1.325
(0.716)		 -0.496
(-1.362)		 0.224
(0.428)		 -0.694
(-1.577)
Landscape Shape Index 1.598
(1.337)		 0.030
(0.236)		 -0.631*
(-2.331)		 0.006
(0.033)		 0.011
(0.085)		 -0.483
(-0.715)		 0.035
(0.269)		 0.037
(0.038)
Shannon’s Diversity Index 0.013
(0.080)		 -0.079
(-1.111)		 0.008
(0.103)		 -0.110
(-1.051)		 -0.211
(-1.759)		 0.018
(0.199)		 -0.148
(-1.914)		 -0.086
(-0.751)
Building Rooftops Patch Density 2.776
(1.656)		 0.069
(0.248)		 0.392
(0.892)		 0.209
(0.545)		 -0.044
(-0.042)		 -0.082
(-0.309)		 0.100
(0.241)		 -0.037
(-0.111)
Landscape Shape Index -0.663
(-1.689)		 0.020
(0.185)		 0.233
(1.775)		 0.067
(0.308)		 0.045
(0.402)		 -0.243
(-0.876)		 0.079
(0.721)		 -0.365
(-1.016)
Percentage of Landscape 0.135
(1.072)		 0.258
(0.571)		 -0.018
(-0.225)		 -0.037
(-0.247)		 0.358
(0.626)		 0.018
(0.232)		 -0.140
(-0.733)		 -0.022
(-0.248)
Solids Buildings Mean Height 0.025
(0.119)		 -0.074
(-0.808)		 0.042
(0.339)		 -0.281*
(-2.179)		 -0.218
(-1.597)		 0.003
(0.025)		 -0.143
(-1.398)		 -0.101
(-0.650)
Height
Standard
Deviation		 0.043
(0.273)		 0.145
(1.942)		 0.036
(0.402)		 0.225*
(2.139)		 0.204*
(2.031)		 0.051
(0.534)		 0.159*
(1.997)		 0.129
(0.878)
Forest Canopies Mean Height -0.084
(-0.489)		 0.165*
(2.479)		 0.096
(1.131)		 0.157
(1.638)		 0.133
(1.436)		 0.113
(1.340)		 0.180*
(2.452)		 -0.078
(-0.660)
Height
Standard
Deviation		 0.201
(0.840)		 -0.057
(-0.685)		 -0.035
(-0.327)		 -0.027
(-0.217)		 0.076
(0.716)		 -0.057
(-0.491)		 -0.030
(-0.325)		 0.213
(1.314)
Terrains Mean Elevation 0.034
(0.333)		 0.052
(0.789)		 0.105
(1.186)		 0.049
(0.689)		 0.059
(0.766)		 0.095
(1.313)		 0.088
(1.264)		 0.084
(0.940)
Elevation Standard
Deviation		 4.567
(1.865)		 0.034
(0.252)		 0.046
(0.190)		 0.028
(0.164)		 0.027
(0.198)		 0.570
(1.163)		 0.037
(0.260)		 -1.508
(-1.017)
R2 0.247 0.199 0.171 0.214 0.346 0.144 0.178 0.210
Adjusted R2 0.013 0.120 0.066 0.069 0.202 0.047 0.088 0.018
Chow test F=1.394，p=0.106 F=1.064，p=0.384 F=1.450，p=0.082 F=1.012，p=0.450
Detailed fitting results of group-wise multiple linear regressions with visitor satisfaction as the dependent variable
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