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The morphology across tourism destinations: A case study in China
ZHENG Yunhao, LIU Zheyi, ZHANG Yi, Teemu MAKKONEN, JIANG Yanxiao, JIANG Kaifeng, LIU Yu
Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2025, 35(11): 2467-2489.   DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2421-5

Type Name Indicator Grouping by
resource		 Grouping by
economy		 Grouping by
area size		 Grouping by
urbanization
Cultural Natural Developed Underdeveloped Large Small Extra-
urban		 Intra-
urban
Format: B (sig t ) [* p<0.05 ** p<0.01]
Points Tourist Attractions Average Nearest Neighbor Index -0.064
(-0.342)		 -0.091
(-1.274)		 0.150
(1.292)		 -0.162*
(-2.139)		 -0.106
(-1.055)		 0.014
(0.157)		 0.034
(0.430)		 -0.233
(-1.686)
Hospitality Facilities Average Nearest Neighbor Index -0.024
(-0.171)		 -0.062
(-0.738)		 -0.087
(-0.776)		 -0.058
(-0.633)		 -0.010
(-0.077)		 -0.088
(-0.976)		 -0.076
(-0.779)		 -0.015
(-0.122)
Transport Infrastructures Average Nearest Neighbor Index 0.118
(0.930)		 0.010
(0.124)		 0.097
(0.955)		 0.038
(0.429)		 -0.088
(-0.634)		 0.136
(1.668)		 0.006
(0.073)		 0.214
(1.620)
Lines Rivers River
Density		 0.131
(1.345)		 0.062
(0.690)		 0.013
(0.158)		 0.204*
(2.258)		 0.089
(0.395)		 0.129
(1.862)		 -0.042
(-0.352)		 0.174*
(2.082)
Roads Average
Degree		 -0.340
(-1.486)		 -0.059
(-0.601)		 -0.101
(-0.752)		 -0.072
(-0.598)		 -0.516
(-1.913)		 -0.206
(-1.643)		 -0.096
(-0.945)		 -0.394
(-1.656)
(Dead-end Edges Length)% 0.103
(0.293)		 -0.053
(-0.814)		 -0.011
(-0.098)		 -0.101
(-1.309)		 -0.214*
(-2.170)		 -0.053
(-0.499)		 -0.130
(-1.850)		 0.119
(0.675)
(Bridge
Edges Length)%		 0.031
(0.314)		 0.031
(0.687)		 0.090
(1.417)		 -0.019
(-0.358)		 -0.011
(-0.191)		 0.044
(0.740)		 0.053
(1.102)		 -0.040
(-0.407)
Road
Density		 0.370**
(2.721)		 0.564**
(4.496)		 0.330**
(3.260)		 0.322
(1.953)		 0.363
(1.764)		 0.358**
(3.733)		 0.597*
(2.245)		 0.307*
(2.400)
Average
Circuity		 0.372
(1.047)		 0.032
(0.281)		 -0.034
(-0.193)		 0.127
(0.933)		 -0.281
(-1.591)		 0.277
(1.642)		 0.049
(0.417)		 0.715
(1.631)
Planes Boundary Extends Fractal
Dimension		 0.102
(0.415)		 0.309
(1.928)		 0.294
(1.749)		 0.313
(1.575)		 0.314
(1.488)		 0.237
(1.406)		 0.393*
(2.287)		 0.034
(0.153)
Boyce-Clark Shape Index -0.167
(-0.715)		 -0.011
(-0.098)		 -0.176
(-1.294)		 -0.041
(-0.292)		 -0.274
(-1.777)		 -0.004
(-0.030)		 -0.135
(-1.087)		 0.046
(0.244)
Landscapes Patch
Density		 0.325
(0.595)		 -1.027*
(-2.148)		 -0.356
(-0.852)		 -0.896*
(-1.998)		 0.855
(0.496)		 -0.742*
(-1.982)		 -0.824
(-1.687)		 -0.309
(-0.630)
Landscape Shape Index 1.532
(1.156)		 -0.200
(-1.678)		 -0.121
(-0.446)		 -0.156
(-1.053)		 -0.102
(-0.814)		 0.267
(0.381)		 -0.135
(-1.113)		 1.899
(1.724)
Shannon’s Diversity
Index		 -0.120
(-0.648)		 0.055
(0.832)		 0.024
(0.259)		 0.006
(0.080)		 -0.036
(-0.334)		 0.017
(0.181)		 0.034
(0.473)		 -0.120
(-0.924)
Building Rooftops Patch
Density		 0.290
(0.160)		 -0.235
(-0.892)		 0.036
(0.072)		 0.074
(0.247)		 -0.996
(-1.015)		 -0.121
(-0.439)		 0.150
(0.384)		 -0.323
(-0.861)
Landscape Shape Index -0.362
(-0.832)		 0.273**
(2.629)		 0.166
(1.192)		 0.269
(1.576)		 0.198
(1.876)		 -0.311
(-1.077)		 0.220*
(2.142)		 -0.634
(-1.553)
Percentage
of Landscape		 0.066
(0.486)		 -1.452**
(-3.447)		 0.045
(0.514)		 0.009
(0.081)		 -0.638
(-1.179)		 0.091
(1.160)		 0.067
(0.372)		 0.055
(0.566)
Format: B (sig t ) [* p<0.05 ** p<0.01]
Solids Buildings Mean
Height		 -0.270
(-1.181)		 -0.102
(-1.224)		 -0.214
(-1.532)		 -0.112
(-1.192)		 -0.093
(-0.805)		 -0.197
(-1.765)		 -0.121
(-1.303)		 -0.162
(-0.961)
Height
Standard
Deviation		 0.070
(0.410)		 0.120
(1.761)		 0.202*
(2.007)		 0.041
(0.521)		 0.072
(0.818)		 0.187
(1.916)		 0.180*
(2.491)		 0.020
(0.124)
Forest Canopies Mean
Height		 -0.091
(-0.486)		 0.220**
(3.484)		 0.138
(1.452)		 0.190*
(2.546)		 0.147
(1.688)		 0.107
(1.227)		 0.171*
(2.493)		 -0.009
(-0.064)
Height
Standard
Deviation		 0.136
(0.517)		 -0.255**
(-3.202)		 -0.197
(-1.616)		 -0.133
(-1.372)		 -0.082
(-0.813)		 -0.107
(-0.889)		 -0.204*
(-2.337)		 0.059
(0.322)
Terrains Mean
Elevation		 0.021
(0.189)		 0.130*
(2.086)		 0.142
(1.413)		 0.212**
(3.759)		 0.153*
(2.130)		 0.169*
(2.252)		 0.148*
(2.273)		 0.119
(1.165)
Elevation Standard
Deviation		 2.671
(0.986)		 0.152
(1.176)		 0.180
(0.671)		 0.058
(0.436)		 0.144
(1.102)		 -0.085
(-0.169)		 0.144
(1.063)		 -0.742
(-0.442)
R2 0.259 0.276 0.182 0.369 0.310 0.222 0.192 0.323
Adjusted R2 0.034 0.207 0.081 0.258 0.163 0.136 0.106 0.168
Chow test F=1.689，p=0.025 F=1.143，p=0.295 F=1.042，p=0.412 F=1.022，p=0.438
Detailed fitting results of group-wise multiple linear regressions with travel popularity as the dependent variable
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