Journal of Geographical Sciences

Impacts of anthropogenic activities on habitat fragmentation and their spatial heterogeneity in the Himalayas

LI Jiaming, LIU Jiachuan

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2026, 36(4): 943-962. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2477-x

		Expansion of human activities			Natural conditions
		Changes in cropland	Changes in artificial land	Population change	Altitude	Slope	Changes in rainfall
Southern foothills of the Himalayas (Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and South Xizang)	2000-2010	-	0.0095	0.0049	-	0.0011	0.0083
	2010-2020	0.0016	-	-	0.0025	0.0042	0.0017
Himalayan Mountains	2000-2010	0.0005	0.0020	0.0016	0.0014	0.0006	0.0033
Himalayan Mountains	2010-2020	0.0004	0.0004	-	0.0070	0.0026	0.0016

Table 5 The effects of changes in anthropogenic activities and natural conditions on forest fragmentation

Other figure/table from this article

Figure 1 Location of the study area (the Himalayas)
Figure 2 Analytical framework
Table 1 Habitat fragmentation index (HFI) of ecological land in different regions from 2000 to 2020
Table 2 Ecological land occupied by the expansion of anthropogenic activities on the southern margin of the Himalayas by country from 2000 to 2020 (%)
Figure 3 Proportion of ecological land loss types on the southern margin of the Himalayas by country from 2000 to 2020
Figure 4 Forestland and grassland fragmentation in 2020
Figure 5 Classification of human activity factors in 2020
Figure 6 Classification of natural factors in 2020
Table 3 Effects on forest fragmentation
Table 4 Effects on grassland fragmentation
Table 6 The effects of changes in anthropogenic activities and natural conditions on grassland fragmentation
Table 7 Comparative analysis of the suitability interactions for forest fragmentation
Table 8 Comparative analysis of the suitability interactions for grassland fragmentation