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Impacts of anthropogenic activities on habitat fragmentation and their spatial heterogeneity in the Himalayas
LI Jiaming, LIU Jiachuan
Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2026, 36(4): 943-962.   DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2477-x

Region Year Human activities Natural conditions
Population scale Nighttime light index Altitude Slope Rainfall
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China 2000 - - 0.1816 0.2154 0.2946
2010 - - 0.1816 0.2154 0.3941
2020 - - 0.1828 0.2394 0.3047
South Xizang
in China		 2000 - - 0.5606 0.0033 0.0895
2010 - - 0.4758 0.0040 0.1081
2020 - - 0.3624 0.0035 0.0825
India 2000 0.1885 0.0079 0.4818 0.0224 0.4490
2010 0.1779 0.0146 0.4775 0.0217 0.5626
2020 0.1936 0.0324 0.4274 0.0228 0.5088
Nepal 2000 0.1033 - 0.3311 0.0255 0.2175
2010 0.1497 - 0.3283 0.0228 0.2306
2020 0.1142 0.0073 0.3014 0.0172 0.2415
Bhutan 2000 - - 0.4583 0.0296 0.3144
2010 - - 0.4507 0.0267 0.2805
2020 - - 0.4971 0.0405 0.2441
Pakistan 2000 0.1528 0.0046 0.2423 0.0112 0.2444
2010 0.1383 0.0028 0.2247 0.0121 0.3280
2020 0.1529 0.0211 0.2210 0.0131 0.3088
Himalayan Mountains 2000 0.1171 0.0044 0.3830 0.0695 0.4106
2010 0.0877 0.0064 0.3788 0.0709 0.5081
2020 0.1091 0.0128 0.3571 0.0589 0.4391
Table 3 Effects on forest fragmentation
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