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Impacts of anthropogenic activities on habitat fragmentation and their spatial heterogeneity in the Himalayas
LI Jiaming, LIU Jiachuan
Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2026, 36(4): 943-962.   DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2477-x

Region Year Human activities Natural conditions
Population
scale		 Nighttime light
index		 Altitude Slope Rainfall
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
in China		 2000 - - 0.7397 0.0100 0.0292
2010 - - 0.7397 0.0100 0.0148
2020 - - 0.7543 0.0066 0.0112
South Xizang in China 2000 0.0045 0.0017 0.1482 0.0099 0.1085
2010 0.0096 0.0029 0.1283 0.0056 0.1093
2020 0.0111 0.0027 0.1241 0.0046 0.0981
India 2000 0.0022 - 0.0261 0.0059 0.0751
2010 0.0015 - 0.0140 0.0057 0.0476
2020 - - - - 0.0013
Nepal 2000 0.1092 0.0054 0.1516 0.0460 0.1499
2010 0.1709 0.0151 0.1738 0.0866 0.2089
2020 0.1655 0.0471 0.1648 0.0527 0.2304
Bhutan 2000 0.0285 - 0.2115 0.2028
2010 0.0157 - 0.2904 0.0104 0.3619
2020 0.0160 0.0102 0.2221 0.0105 0.2476
Pakistan 2000 0.0232 0.0013 0.1150 0.0087 0.0475
2010 0.0091 - 0.0586 0.0042 0.0319
2020 0.0112 - 0.0938 0.0033 0.0119
Himalayan Mountains 2000 0.0527 - 0.1114 0.0249 0.1224
2010 0.0462 0.0040 0.1266 0.0236 0.1346
2020 0.0525 0.0126 0.1019 0.0178 0.1294
Table 4 Effects on grassland fragmentation
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