Journal of Geographical Sciences

Impacts of anthropogenic activities on habitat fragmentation and their spatial heterogeneity in the Himalayas

LI Jiaming, LIU Jiachuan

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2026, 36(4): 943-962. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2477-x

Year	Lowlands	Low mountain areas	Subalpine areas	Alpine areas	Extremely high alpine areas
2000	0.9748	0.9838	0.7972	0.9396	0.9817
2010	0.9669	0.9843	0.7646	0.9380	0.9886
2020	0.9669	0.9848	0.7713	0.9455	0.9914

Table 1 Habitat fragmentation index (HFI) of ecological land in different regions from 2000 to 2020

Other figure/table from this article

Figure 1 Location of the study area (the Himalayas)
Figure 2 Analytical framework
Table 2 Ecological land occupied by the expansion of anthropogenic activities on the southern margin of the Himalayas by country from 2000 to 2020 (%)
Figure 3 Proportion of ecological land loss types on the southern margin of the Himalayas by country from 2000 to 2020
Figure 4 Forestland and grassland fragmentation in 2020
Figure 5 Classification of human activity factors in 2020
Figure 6 Classification of natural factors in 2020
Table 3 Effects on forest fragmentation
Table 4 Effects on grassland fragmentation
Table 5 The effects of changes in anthropogenic activities and natural conditions on forest fragmentation
Table 6 The effects of changes in anthropogenic activities and natural conditions on grassland fragmentation
Table 7 Comparative analysis of the suitability interactions for forest fragmentation
Table 8 Comparative analysis of the suitability interactions for grassland fragmentation