Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

ID	Longitude	Latitude	Altitude (m)	Vegetation type	Period	Pearson’s R
1	81.08	43.09	1851	Typical grassland	1990-2015	0.70**
2	87.11	43.27	1941	Typical grassland	2004-2015	0.77**
3	93.09	43.36	1679	Desert grassland	1990-2015	0.72**
4	93.67	43.3	2720	Desert grassland	2010-2019	0.57*
5	93.6	43.35	2100	Coniferous forest	1960-2013	0.47*
6	78.27	40.56	1679	Desert grassland	1990-2015	0.73**
7	87.93	44.29	1051	Desert grassland	2005-2015	0.69**

Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results

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Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)
Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020
Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020
Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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