Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

Indices	Definitions	Units
SU	Monthly count when TX (daily maximum) >25℃	Days
ID	Monthly count when TX (daily maximum) < 0℃	Days
TR	Monthly count when TN (daily minimum) >20℃	Days
FD	Monthly count when TN (daily minimum) < 0℃	Days
TXx	Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temperature	℃
TXn	Monthly minimum value of daily maximum temperature	℃
TNx	Monthly maximum value of daily minimum temperature	℃
TNn	Monthly minimum value of daily minimum temperature	℃
TX90p	Days when TX > 90th percentile	Days
TX10p	Days when TX < 10th percentile	Days
TN10p	Days when TN < 10th percentile	Days
TN90p	Days when TN > 90th percentile	Days
DTR	Monthly mean difference between TX and TN	℃
WSDI	Monthly count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TX > 90th percentile	Days
CSDI	Monthly count of days with at least 6 consecutive days when TN < 10th percentile	Days
RX1day	Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation	mm
RX5day	Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation	mm
SDII	Monthly total precipitation divided by the number of wet days (defined as precipitation > 1 mm) in the month	mm day^-1
R10mm	Monthly count of days when precipitation > 10 mm	Days
R20mm	Monthly count of days when precipitation > 20 mm	Days
R25mm	Monthly count of days when precipitation > 25 mm	Days
CDD	Maximum number of consecutive days with precipitation < 1 mm	Days
CWD	Maximum number of consecutive days with precipitation ≥ 1 mm	Days
R95p	Monthly total precipitation when daily precipitation >95th percentile	mm
R99p	Monthly total precipitation when daily precipitation >95th percentile	mm
PRCPTOT	Monthly total precipitation in wet days	mm

Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)

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Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020
Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020
Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020
Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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