Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneities in vegetation phenophase responses to climate extremes in arid mountains of Central Asia

ZHENG Lilin, CHEN Ruishan, XU Jianhua, JIA Nan, LI Yinshuai, LUO Yaxue

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2025, 35(9): 1900-1922. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2396-2

Indices	Annual average	Z value	Significance	Change slope
SU	29.395	3.872	**	1.468 days/decade
ID	116.178	-3.445	**	-3.648 days/decade
TR	3.918	4.928	**	0.69 days/decade
FD	207.437	-4.928	**	-5.271 days/decade
TXx	26.304	1.383	-	0.134℃/decade
TXn	-16.142	-0.629	-	-0.175℃/decade
TNx	14.226	2.238	*	0.236℃/decade
TNn	-25.672	-0.654	-	-0.109℃/decade
TX90p	36.509	3.671	**	3.244 days/decade
TX10p	36.073	0.427	-	0.498 days/decade
TN10p	36.099	0.05	-	-0.277 days/decade
TN90p	36.541	4.4	**	4.361 days/decade
DTR	10.31	-0.855	-	-0.023℃/decade
WSDI	14.142	1.986	*	1.821 days/decade
CSDI	18.133	0.427	-	0.348 days/decade
Rx1day	30.3	-2.13	*	-1.47 mm/decade
Rx5day	45.64	0.34	-	0.12 mm/decade
SDII	6.29	-4.55	**	-0.27 mm/day/decade
R10mm	8.7	1.28	-	0.29 days/decade
R20mm	2.34	0.24	-	0.02 days/decade
R25mm	1.42	-0.34	-	-0.02 days/decade
CDD	44.17	-0.7	-	-0.27 days/decade
CWD	4.17	3.82	**	0.35 days/decade
R95p	211.95	0.27	-	0.50 mm/decade
R99p	82.28	-0.85	-	-3.45 mm/decade
PRCPTOT	333.34	1.74	-	8.31 mm/decade

Table 2 The mean values and change trends in climate extreme indices in the Tianshan Mountains during 1982-2020

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Figure 1 Flowchart showing the research methodology and structure of this article
Figure 2 Location of the study area (a. Location of Tianshan Mountains; b. Vegetation type; c. Elevation; d. snow cover frequency)
Table 1 List of the ETCCDI core climate indices and their definitions (available online at http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml)
Table S1 Validation of extreme temperature indices from 1982 to 2020
Table S2 Validation of extreme precipitation indices from 1982 to 2020
Table S3 Details about the phenological stations and the validation results
Figure 3 Spatial distributions of the vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (The inset at the bottom left corner of each subfigure displays the frequency distributions of the corresponding green-up dates.)
Figure 4 Interannual variations of vegetation green-up date in the Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020
Figure 5 Change trends in monthly maximum vegetation index along elevation bands of Tianshan Mountains from 2001 to 2020 (Z value represents the change slope calculated by the Mann-Kendall trend test (greening: Z > 0; browning: Z < 0).)
Table S4 Spatial statistics of second-order partial relationship between vegetation green-up date and the daytime temperature, nighttime temperature, and total precipitation within 1-6 months before the green-up date
Figure 6 The CART model illustrating the impact of preseason climate extreme indices on the green-up date (GUD) in the Tianshan Mountains (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure S1 The cost complexity and X-Val relative error of the final CART tree (a. forest; b. forest-grassland; c. grassland)
Figure 7 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 8 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of forest-grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)
Figure 9 Principal Component Analysis loading diagram of monthly maximum NDPI (MVI) values of grassland and extreme climate indices in each month during growing season (from March to October)

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