Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Multi-objective spatial optimization by considering land use suitability in the Yangtze River Delta region

CHENG Qianwen, LI Manchun, LI Feixue, LIN Yukun, DING Chenyin, XIAO Lishan, LI Weiyue

地理学报(英文版), 2026, 36(1): 45-78. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2438-4

Indicators	Weight assignment results calculated using CRITICS method (W₁)	Weight assignment results calculated using entropy weight method (W₂)	Weight assignment results calculated using CRITIC-entropy weight method (W_T)
Gross domestic product (GDP)	0.0082	0.0610	0.0346
Output value of secondary industry (ECCZ)	0.0156	0.0750	0.0453
Output value of tertiary industry (SCCZ)	0.0121	0.0495	0.0308
Development intensity of construction land (KFQD)	0.0633	0.0361	0.0497
DN mean value of nighttime lighting data (DN)	0.1030	0.0779	0.0904
Financial revenue (CZSR)	0.0124	0.0603	0.0364
Investment in fixed assets (GDTZ)	0.0188	0.0704	0.0446
Distance to railway (TL_DIS)	0.1077	0.0242	0.0660
Highway network density (GSGL_DEN)	0.0281	0.0206	0.0244
National road network density (GD_DEN)	0.0368	0.0588	0.0478
Provincial road network density (SD_DEN)	0.0526	0.0429	0.0477
Network density of urban first-class roads (DL1_DEN)	0.0259	0.0468	0.0364
Total registered population (HJRK)	0.0406	0.0340	0.0373
Year-end balance of saving deposit of urban and rural residents (CXCK)	0.0176	0.0551	0.0364
Employees of urban institutions in the secondary industry (ECJY)	0.0428	0.0625	0.0526
Employees of urban institutions in the tertiary industry (SCJY)	0.0494	0.0293	0.0394
Annual average concentration of inhalable fine particles (KLW)	0.1197	0.0611	0.0904
Centralized treatment rate of sewage treatment plant (WSCL)	0.1206	0.0248	0.0727
Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste (GTFW)	0.0896	0.0581	0.0739
Patent authorization (ZLSQ)	0.0354	0.0513	0.0434

Table S6 Weight assignment results of evaluation indicators of socio-economic sustainable development

本文的其它图/表

Figure 1 Location of the study area (Yangtze River Delta region)
Figure 2 The ES-FS-USD spatial optimization framework
Table 1 Constraint conditions of land-use demand
Table 2 Land-use demand in the Yangtze River Delta region in 2035 under four scenarios (km²)
Figure 3 Pareto front distribution based on the double objectives of economic benefits and ecological benefits under the SD scenario
Table 3 Calculation methods for ecosystem services
Table 4 Calculation methods of ecosystem sensitivity
Figure 4 Weights and resistance values of expansion resistance factors of ecological source in the Yangtze River Delta region
Table 5 Cluster-factor analysis results
Table 6 Weighting based on the entropy method
Table 7 Evaluation index system for the socio-economic sustainable development level in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 5 Land-use simulation results in 2035 under four scenarios in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 6 Differences in detail in land-use patterns in the Yangtze River Delta region
Table 8 Landscape pattern index of different land-use types in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 7 Identification of ecological sources in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 8 Distribution of ecological protection importance of ecological land in 2035 simulated under the SD scenario in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 9 Result of the evaluation of agricultural production suitability in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 10 Normalized assessment index and assessment of the economic potential of green agriculture in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 11 Integrated evaluation of urban construction suitability in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 12 Evaluation indices and result of the socioeconomic sustainable development level in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 13 Urban construction suitability of construction land in 2035 under the SD scenario in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 14 Spatial optimization of the Yangtze River Delta region in 2035
Table S1 Land use conversion matrix under ID scenario
Table S2 Land use conversion matrix under ESP scenario
Table S3 Land use conversion matrix under EDP scenario
Table S4 Land use conversion matrix under SD scenario
Table S5 Neighborhood weight setting for each land use type under four simulated scenarios
Figure S1 Ecological protecting importance in the YRD region and distribution of non-ecological land in 2035 in extremely important area of ecological protection
Figure S2 Evaluation of agricultural production suitability
Figure S3 Agricultural production suitability of farmland in 2035 simulated under SD scenario and distribution of non-farmland simulated under SD scenario in highly suitable and moderately suitable area of agricultural production suitability
Figure S4 Spatial comparison between proportion of farmland area under ID scenario and assessment result of economic potential of green agriculture in the YRD region
Figure S5 Spatial comparison between development intensity under SD scenario and socioeconomic sustainable development level in the YRD region
Table S7 Soil and water resources base discrimination matrix
Table S8 Discriminant matrix of agricultural production conditions
Table S9 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of agricultural production modified by disaster risk evaluation
Table S10 Climatic comfort grading standard
Table S11 Grading standard of quiet wind days
Table S12 Grading standard of average wind speed over many years
Table S13 Soil and water resources base discrimination matrix
Table S14 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of urban construction modified by atmospheric environmental capacity evaluation
Table S15 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of urban construction modified by climatic comfort evaluation
Table S16 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of urban construction modified by location superiority evaluation

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