Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Multi-objective spatial optimization by considering land use suitability in the Yangtze River Delta region

CHENG Qianwen, LI Manchun, LI Feixue, LIN Yukun, DING Chenyin, XIAO Lishan, LI Weiyue

地理学报(英文版), 2026, 36(1): 45-78. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2438-4

Type of ecosystem service	Formula	Meanings and sources of parameters involved in calculation
Water reservation (WR)	$WR=NPP\text{mean}\times Fsic\times Fpre\times (1-Fslo)$	NPP_mean: Multi-year average NPP (https://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=364) F_sic: Soil seepage (Harmonized World Soil Database, https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/) F_pre: Multi-year average precipitation (National Climatic Data Center, ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa/isd-lite/) F_slo: Slope (Slope analysis of DEM data using ArcGIS 10.8 software) K: Soil erodibility (The calculation method for this indicator can be found in Section SI3 of the Supplementary material) F_q: Multi-year average climate erosivity (The calculation method for this indicator can be found in Section SI3 of the Supplementary material) D: Surface roughness (The calculation method for this indicator can be found in Section SI3 of the Supplementary material) F_tem: Multi-year average temperature (National Climatic Data Center, ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/noaa/isd-lite/) F_alt: Altitude (https://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=217)
Soil and water conservation (S_pro)	$Spro=NPP\text{mean}\times (1-K)\times (1-Fslo）$
Windbreak and sand fixation (S_WS)	$SWS=NPP\text{mean}\times K\times Fq\times D$
Biodiversity maintenance (S_bio)	$Sbio=NPP\text{mean}\times Fpre\times Ftem\times (1-Falt)$

Table 3 Calculation methods for ecosystem services

本文的其它图/表

Figure 1 Location of the study area (Yangtze River Delta region)
Figure 2 The ES-FS-USD spatial optimization framework
Table 1 Constraint conditions of land-use demand
Table 2 Land-use demand in the Yangtze River Delta region in 2035 under four scenarios (km²)
Figure 3 Pareto front distribution based on the double objectives of economic benefits and ecological benefits under the SD scenario
Table 4 Calculation methods of ecosystem sensitivity
Figure 4 Weights and resistance values of expansion resistance factors of ecological source in the Yangtze River Delta region
Table 5 Cluster-factor analysis results
Table 6 Weighting based on the entropy method
Table 7 Evaluation index system for the socio-economic sustainable development level in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 5 Land-use simulation results in 2035 under four scenarios in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 6 Differences in detail in land-use patterns in the Yangtze River Delta region
Table 8 Landscape pattern index of different land-use types in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 7 Identification of ecological sources in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 8 Distribution of ecological protection importance of ecological land in 2035 simulated under the SD scenario in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 9 Result of the evaluation of agricultural production suitability in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 10 Normalized assessment index and assessment of the economic potential of green agriculture in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 11 Integrated evaluation of urban construction suitability in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 12 Evaluation indices and result of the socioeconomic sustainable development level in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 13 Urban construction suitability of construction land in 2035 under the SD scenario in the Yangtze River Delta region
Figure 14 Spatial optimization of the Yangtze River Delta region in 2035
Table S1 Land use conversion matrix under ID scenario
Table S2 Land use conversion matrix under ESP scenario
Table S3 Land use conversion matrix under EDP scenario
Table S4 Land use conversion matrix under SD scenario
Table S5 Neighborhood weight setting for each land use type under four simulated scenarios
Table S6 Weight assignment results of evaluation indicators of socio-economic sustainable development
Figure S1 Ecological protecting importance in the YRD region and distribution of non-ecological land in 2035 in extremely important area of ecological protection
Figure S2 Evaluation of agricultural production suitability
Figure S3 Agricultural production suitability of farmland in 2035 simulated under SD scenario and distribution of non-farmland simulated under SD scenario in highly suitable and moderately suitable area of agricultural production suitability
Figure S4 Spatial comparison between proportion of farmland area under ID scenario and assessment result of economic potential of green agriculture in the YRD region
Figure S5 Spatial comparison between development intensity under SD scenario and socioeconomic sustainable development level in the YRD region
Table S7 Soil and water resources base discrimination matrix
Table S8 Discriminant matrix of agricultural production conditions
Table S9 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of agricultural production modified by disaster risk evaluation
Table S10 Climatic comfort grading standard
Table S11 Grading standard of quiet wind days
Table S12 Grading standard of average wind speed over many years
Table S13 Soil and water resources base discrimination matrix
Table S14 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of urban construction modified by atmospheric environmental capacity evaluation
Table S15 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of urban construction modified by climatic comfort evaluation
Table S16 Evaluation matrix of suitability grade of urban construction modified by location superiority evaluation

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