Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Distribution of topographical changes triggered by prolonged heavy rainfall in the Chinese Loess Plateau: A case study of the Gutun catchment in Yan'an

CAO Zhi, HAN Zhen, LI Yurui, WANG Jieyong

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2024, 34(3): 571-590. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-024-2218-y

Month	Rainy days	Light rain days	Moderate rain days	Heavy rain days	Torrential rain days	Days > mean	Days > mean+std
Jan	2	2
Feb	2	2				1
Mar	3	3				1	1
Apr	4	3	1			2	1
May	11	10	1			3	1
Jun	9	7	1	1		2	1
Jul	20	9	3	2	6	9	8
Aug	9	6	1	2		3	2
Sep	12	8	3	1		6	1
Oct	6	4	2			3
Nov	5	5				1
Dec	0

Table 1 Number of rainy days and the grades of precipitation in 2013

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Figure 1 Location of the study area (Gutun catchment in Yan'an) and the precipitation in it Note: The monthly and daily precipitation values in 2013, 1960-2012, and 2014-2022 are shown on the right. The red dots in (a), (b), and (c) refer to the monthly and daily precipitation values in 2013. The blue bars in (a) and (b), and the blue dots in (c) refer to the average monthly and daily precipitation values in 1960-2012. The green bars in (a) and (b), and the green dots in (c) refer to the average monthly and daily precipitation values in 2014-2022. Data on meteorological observations at the Yan'an station were obtained from the China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDSC) (http://data.cma.cn/).
Figure 2 Histogram of elevations of the Gutun catchment before and after the rainy season
Figure 3 Patterns of changes in elevation of the Gutun catchment before and after the rainy season Note: The histograms represent the areas of changes in the elevation and slope under different statistical intervals.
Figure 4 Coupling between the changes in elevation and the elevation before the rainy season
Figure 5 Coupling between the changes in elevation and the relative elevation before the rainy season
Figure 6 Coupling between the changes in elevation and the slope length before the rainy season
Figure 7 Coupling between the changes in elevation and the RPI before the rainy season
Figure 8 Histogram of slope inclinations of the Gutun catchment before and after the rainy season
Figure 9 Coupling between the changes in slope inclination and the slope inclination before the rainy season
Figure 10 Coupling between the changes in elevation and the slope inclination before the rainy season
Figure 11 Histogram of the slope aspect of the Gutun catchment before and after the rainy season
Figure 12 Coupling between the changes in elevation and the slope aspect before the rainy season
Figure 13 Ratios of convex and concave slopes in the Gutun catchment before and after the rainy season
Table 2 Correlation between the changes in elevation and topographical factors
Figure 14 Coupling between the NDVI and the shape of the slopes before the rainy season
Figure 15 Comparison of changes in elevation between the Gutun catchment and the area under the Gully Land Consolidation Project Note: The histograms reflect the areas undergoing different levels of changes in elevation between the Gutun catchment and the parts of its area designated under the Gully Land Consolidation Project. The percentage labels in the histograms reflect the area ratios of different levels of changes in elevation to the corresponding area.

Month	Rainy days	Light rain days	Moderate rain days	Heavy rain days	Torrential rain days	Days > mean	Days > mean+std
Jan	2	2
Feb	2	2				1
Mar	3	3				1	1
Apr	4	3	1			2	1
May	11	10	1			3	1
Jun	9	7	1	1		2	1
Jul	20	9	3	2	6	9	8
Aug	9	6	1	2		3	2
Sep	12	8	3	1		6	1
Oct	6	4	2			3
Nov	5	5				1
Dec	0

Month	Rainy days	Light rain days	Moderate rain days	Heavy rain days	Torrential rain days	Days > mean	Days > mean+std
Jan	2	2
Feb	2	2				1
Mar	3	3				1	1
Apr	4	3	1			2	1
May	11	10	1			3	1
Jun	9	7	1	1		2	1
Jul	20	9	3	2	6	9	8
Aug	9	6	1	2		3	2
Sep	12	8	3	1		6	1
Oct	6	4	2			3
Nov	5	5				1
Dec	0

模态框（Modal）标题

Figure/Table detail

Month	Rainy days	Light rain days	Moderate rain days	Heavy rain days	Torrential rain days	Days > mean	Days > mean+std
Jan	2	2
Feb	2	2				1
Mar	3	3				1	1
Apr	4	3	1			2	1
May	11	10	1			3	1
Jun	9	7	1	1		2	1
Jul	20	9	3	2	6	9	8
Aug	9	6	1	2		3	2
Sep	12	8	3	1		6	1
Oct	6	4	2			3
Nov	5	5				1
Dec	0