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Characteristics and driving factors of population age structure in China: A study based on the scale nesting theory
YING Kui, HA Lin, DUAN Liancheng, DING Jinhong
地理学报(英文版), 2026, 36(5): 1278-1298.   DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2492-y

Type Criteria Description
Traditional (1) C≥30%, L<60%, A<10% A high proportion of children (≥30% ), no
demographic dividend, and no aging.
Dividend (2) C≥20%, L≥60%, A<10% The labor proportion exceeds 60%, with no aging and no lower children.
Lower-children-dividend (3) C<20%, L≥60%, A<10% The child proportion is below 20%, the labor proportion exceeds 60%, and it has not yet aged.
Dividend aging (4) C≥20%, L≥60%, A>10% The labor proportion exceeds 60%, the elderly proportion exceeds 10%, and it has not yet
experienced lower children.
Lower-children-dividend-aging (5) C<20%, L≥60%, A≥10% The child proportion is below 20%, the labor proportion exceeds 60%, and the elderly
proportion exceeds 10%.
Lower-children-aging (6) C<20%, L<60%, A≥20% The child proportion is below 20%, the elderly proportion exceeds 20%, and the dividend
window has closed.
Pure aging (7) C≥20%, L<60%, A≥10% In theory, there exists a pure aging population.
Table 1 Classification standards for population age structure (PAS)
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