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Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of magnetic enhancement mechanisms in aeolian deposits on the southern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for paleoclimatic reconstruction in mountain- basin systems

WANG Haoyu, YANG Junhuai, QU Wenxi, WANG Linkai, ZHANG Canyi, LIU Xin, TANG Jinmeng, GAO Fuyuan, CHEN Zixuan, WANG Shuyuan, FAN Yijiao, WU Duo

Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2026, 36(1): 177-198. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-026-2443-7

Figure S5 Additional FORC diagrams for samples from the (a) SGX, (b-d) HZ, and (e-i) MR sections. These data supplement the representative samples shown in Figure 3 of the main text.

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Figure 1 Geographical and climatic context of the study area. (a) Locations of the investigated sections (SGX, HZ, MR sections, green pluses) and referenced aeolian sections from the Ili basin (green dots), Chinese Loess Plateau (blue dots), and desert peripheries (orange dots). Major atmospheric circulation systems are also shown: Indian summer monsoon (ISM), mid-latitude westerlies (MLW), East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). (b-d) Mean monthly temperature and precipitation data for the three investigated sections, sourced from WorldClim (https://worldclim.org/data/index.html).
Figure 2 Lithologies and Bayesian age-depth models of the (a) SGX, (b) HZ, and (c) MR sections in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin on the southern Tibetan Plateau. The chronologies for the three sections are from Yang et al. (2021, 2023); Wang et al. (2024).
Figure 3 Magnetic properties of representative samples (SGX-50, HZ-300, and MR-240) from the SGX, HZ, and MR sections. (a-c) Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility curves. Heating, cooling, and first- derivative heating curves are shown in magenta, blue, and grey, respectively. (d-f) Hysteresis loops. Red curves are corrected for the paramagnetic component; cyan curves represent uncorrected data. (g-i) FORC diagrams.
Figure 4 Box-and-whisker plots of magnetic parameters of the SGX, HZ, and MR sections. The box plots show the median (internal line), mean (rhombus), interquartile range (25th-75th percentile; box), and min-max range (whiskers).
Figure 5 Correlation plots of magnetic parameters for the SGX, HZ, and MR sections. (a) Correlation between χ_lf and SIRM across the SGX, HZ, and MR sections. (b) Correlation between χ_lf and χ_fd, and (c) between χ_lf and χ_ARM in the paleosol and other layers of the HZ section. (d) Correlation between χ_lf and χ_fd, and (e) between χ_lf and χ_ARM in paleosol I and paleosol II of the MR section. (f) Correlation between χ_lf and χ_fd in the other layers of the MR section. All panels include correlation coefficients (R²), regression equations, and significance levels (p-values). Solid lines represent linear regressions.
Figure 6 Composite lithostratigraphic and multiproxy records for the SGX, HZ, and MR sections, plotted on a common age scale. The cyan bar corresponds to the 6.0-3.5 ka interval. (a) Variations in magnetic parameters and the >63 μm fraction of the SGX section. (b) Variations in magnetic parameters, element ratios, and the >63 µm fraction of the HZ section. (c) Records of magnetic parameters and >63 µm fraction of the MR section, along with the stalagmite δ¹⁸O record from Dongge Cave as a proxy for reflecting ISM intensity (Wang et al., 2005).
Figure 7 Conceptual framework of magnetic enhancement mechanisms in different geomorphic settings. (a) Mountain-basin system compared with non-mountain-basin systems including (b) the Chinese Loess Plateau and (c) desert peripheries.
Figure S1 Lithology and geomorphological context of the study sections. (a-c) Lithologies of the (A) SGX, (b) HZ, and (c) MR sections in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin on the southern Tibetan Plateau, showing the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sampling locations (cyan dots) and their corresponding ages (Yang et al., 2021, 2023; Wang et al., 2024); (d-f) Satellite images showing the geomorphological setting of the (d, g) SGX, (e, h) HZ; (f, i) MR sections and their exact locations (green pluses).
Figure S2 Additional temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility curves for samples from the (a) SGX, (b-d) HZ, and (e-i) MR sections. These data supplement the representative samples in Figure 3 of the main text. Heating, cooling, and first-derivative heating curves are shown in magenta, blue, and grey, respectively.
Figure S3 Additional hysteresis loops for samples from the (a) SGX, (b-d) HZ, and (e-i) MR sections. These data supplement the representative samples in Figure 3 of the main text. Red curves indicate paramagnetic correction; cyan curves represent uncorrected data.
Figure S4 Isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) curves for representative samples from the SGX, HZ, and MR sections. (a) IRM acquisition curves; (b) backfield curves.
Figure S6 Magnetic grain size characteristics of aeolian deposits from the SGX, HZ, and MR sections. (a) Dearing plots of magnetic parameters for all samples from the SGX, HZ, and MR sections, showing the distribution of magnetic grain sizes and domain states. The fields for multi-domain (MD), stable single domain (SSD), pseudo-single-domain (PSD), and superparamagnetic (SP) grains are shown for reference. (b) Enlargement of the area outlined by the rectangle in (a).
Figure S7 Correlations between magnetic parameters and sedimentological proxies. (a-c) Magnetic susceptibility (χ_lf) versus the >63 μm fraction for all samples in the SGX, HZ, and MR sections, respectively. (d) χ_lf versus the >63 μm fraction for samples dated to 6.0-3.5 ka in the SGX section. (e-f) χ_lf versus frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χ_fd) for samples dated to 6.0-3.5 ka in the HZ and MR sections, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients (R) and their statistical significance (**p < 0.01) are indicated.
Figure S8 Scatter plots of element ratios of the aeolian deposits from the SGX, HZ, and MR sections
Figure S9 Variations of representative aeolian sections and climatic indices from (a-d) the Ili basin and (e-g) Yarlung Zangbo River basin on the southern Tibetan Plateau of mountain-basin system. a: ZKT section (Jia et al., 2012), b: TLD section (Liu et al., 2012), c: AXK section (Jia et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2010), d: SW section (Li et al., 2015), e-g: SGX section, HZ section, MR section (this study).
Figure S10 Variations of representative aeolian sections and climatic indices from (a-f) the Chinese Loess Plateau and (g-i) desert periphery of non-mountain-basin system. a: YC section (Liu et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005), b: XF section (Liu et al., 1992), c: YX section (Xia et al., 2014), d: YB section (Liu et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2005), e: LGT section (Jia et al., 2008), f: PC section (Sun and Liu, 2000), g: KY section (Fan et al., 2023), h: ZL section (Wei et al., 2013), i: XN section (Zhao, 2016).
Table S1 Linear regression equations for calculating lithogenic (χ₀) and pedogenic (χ_pedo) magnetic susceptibility components

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