Journal of Geographical Sciences

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Simulation of frozen ground distribution in northeast China based on a surface frost number model

ZHAN Daqing, MAN Haoran, ZANG Shuying, LI Miao

地理学报(英文版), 2022, 32(8): 1581-1600. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-022-2011-8

Figure 9 Spatial distribution of the rate of change in (a) ground surface freezing index (GFI) and (b) ground surface thawing index (GTI) over the period from 1900 to 2017 in the frozen ground region of northeast China (the plus sign indicates p<0.01 and the asterisk indicates p<0.05)

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Figure 1 Location of the study area (a) and permafrost distribution (b) in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Table 1 Description of the datasets adopted in this study
Figure 2 Flowchart of research design
Table 2 N_f/N_t values of various land cover types in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure 3 Spatial distribution of N_f (a) and N_t (b) in the frozen ground region of northeast China from 1977 to 2017
Figure 4 Spatial distribution of annual mean air temperature (AMAT) 1900-2017 in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure 5 Annual mean air temperature (AMAT) in the frozen ground region of northeast China from 1900 to 2017 (marginally significant at the p<0.1 level, with a 90% confidence level)
Figure 6 The average (a) air freezing index (AFI) and (b) air thawing index (ATI) (℃ d) over the period from 1900 to 2017 in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure 7 Spatial distribution of the rate of change in (a) air freezing index (AFI) and (b) air thawing index (ATI) over the period from 1900 to 2017 in the frozen ground region of northeast China (the plus sign indicates p<0.01 and the asterisk indicates p<0.05)
Figure 8 The average (a) ground surface freezing index (GFI) and (b) ground surface thawing index (GTI) (℃ d) over the period from 1900 to 2017 in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure 10 Time series of (a) ground surface freezing index (GFI) and (b) ground surface thawing index (GTI) during the period from 1900 to 2017 in the frozen ground region of northeast China (marginally significant at the p<0.1 level, with a 90% confidence level)
Figure 11 Spatial differences in permafrost distribution between the frozen ground map and simulation result for the 1980s (a) and the frozen ground map and simulation result for the 2000s (b) in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure 12 Changes in permafrost and seasonal frozen ground area in the frozen ground region of northeast China from 1900 to 2017
Figure 13 Decadal changes in permafrost in the frozen ground region of northeast China from 1900 to 2017
Table 3 Existing frozen ground map and simulated permafrost areas in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure A1 The spatial distribution of annual mean bias errors between the monthly air temperature reanalysis data and the meteorological station data in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure A2 Changes in annual mean air temperature (AMAT) in the frozen ground region of northeast China from 1977 to 2017
Figure A3 Time series of regional anomalies in annual mean air temperature (1900-2017) in the frozen ground region of northeast China
Figure A4 Correlation of GFI with latitude (a); correlation of GTI with latitude (b); correlation of GFI with altitude (c); correlation of GTI with altitude (d); correlation of GFI with SM (e); and correlation of GTI with SM (f)

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