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The morphology across tourism destinations: A case study in China
ZHENG Yunhao, LIU Zheyi, ZHANG Yi, Teemu MAKKONEN, JIANG Yanxiao, JIANG Kaifeng, LIU Yu
地理学报(英文版), 2025, 35(11): 2467-2489.   DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2421-5

Type Name Indicator Grouping by
resource
Grouping by
economy
Grouping by
area size
Grouping by
urbanization
Cultural Natural Developed Underdeveloped Large Small Extra-
urban
Intra-
urban
Format: B (sig t ) [* p<0.05 ** p<0.01]
Points Tourist Attractions Average Nearest Neighbor Index -0.064
(-0.342)
-0.091
(-1.274)
0.150
(1.292)
-0.162*
(-2.139)
-0.106
(-1.055)
0.014
(0.157)
0.034
(0.430)
-0.233
(-1.686)
Hospitality Facilities Average Nearest Neighbor Index -0.024
(-0.171)
-0.062
(-0.738)
-0.087
(-0.776)
-0.058
(-0.633)
-0.010
(-0.077)
-0.088
(-0.976)
-0.076
(-0.779)
-0.015
(-0.122)
Transport Infrastructures Average Nearest Neighbor Index 0.118
(0.930)
0.010
(0.124)
0.097
(0.955)
0.038
(0.429)
-0.088
(-0.634)
0.136
(1.668)
0.006
(0.073)
0.214
(1.620)
Lines Rivers River
Density
0.131
(1.345)
0.062
(0.690)
0.013
(0.158)
0.204*
(2.258)
0.089
(0.395)
0.129
(1.862)
-0.042
(-0.352)
0.174*
(2.082)
Roads Average
Degree
-0.340
(-1.486)
-0.059
(-0.601)
-0.101
(-0.752)
-0.072
(-0.598)
-0.516
(-1.913)
-0.206
(-1.643)
-0.096
(-0.945)
-0.394
(-1.656)
(Dead-end Edges Length)% 0.103
(0.293)
-0.053
(-0.814)
-0.011
(-0.098)
-0.101
(-1.309)
-0.214*
(-2.170)
-0.053
(-0.499)
-0.130
(-1.850)
0.119
(0.675)
(Bridge
Edges Length)%
0.031
(0.314)
0.031
(0.687)
0.090
(1.417)
-0.019
(-0.358)
-0.011
(-0.191)
0.044
(0.740)
0.053
(1.102)
-0.040
(-0.407)
Road
Density
0.370**
(2.721)
0.564**
(4.496)
0.330**
(3.260)
0.322
(1.953)
0.363
(1.764)
0.358**
(3.733)
0.597*
(2.245)
0.307*
(2.400)
Average
Circuity
0.372
(1.047)
0.032
(0.281)
-0.034
(-0.193)
0.127
(0.933)
-0.281
(-1.591)
0.277
(1.642)
0.049
(0.417)
0.715
(1.631)
Planes Boundary Extends Fractal
Dimension
0.102
(0.415)
0.309
(1.928)
0.294
(1.749)
0.313
(1.575)
0.314
(1.488)
0.237
(1.406)
0.393*
(2.287)
0.034
(0.153)
Boyce-Clark Shape Index -0.167
(-0.715)
-0.011
(-0.098)
-0.176
(-1.294)
-0.041
(-0.292)
-0.274
(-1.777)
-0.004
(-0.030)
-0.135
(-1.087)
0.046
(0.244)
Landscapes Patch
Density
0.325
(0.595)
-1.027*
(-2.148)
-0.356
(-0.852)
-0.896*
(-1.998)
0.855
(0.496)
-0.742*
(-1.982)
-0.824
(-1.687)
-0.309
(-0.630)
Landscape Shape Index 1.532
(1.156)
-0.200
(-1.678)
-0.121
(-0.446)
-0.156
(-1.053)
-0.102
(-0.814)
0.267
(0.381)
-0.135
(-1.113)
1.899
(1.724)
Shannon’s Diversity
Index
-0.120
(-0.648)
0.055
(0.832)
0.024
(0.259)
0.006
(0.080)
-0.036
(-0.334)
0.017
(0.181)
0.034
(0.473)
-0.120
(-0.924)
Building Rooftops Patch
Density
0.290
(0.160)
-0.235
(-0.892)
0.036
(0.072)
0.074
(0.247)
-0.996
(-1.015)
-0.121
(-0.439)
0.150
(0.384)
-0.323
(-0.861)
Landscape Shape Index -0.362
(-0.832)
0.273**
(2.629)
0.166
(1.192)
0.269
(1.576)
0.198
(1.876)
-0.311
(-1.077)
0.220*
(2.142)
-0.634
(-1.553)
Percentage
of Landscape
0.066
(0.486)
-1.452**
(-3.447)
0.045
(0.514)
0.009
(0.081)
-0.638
(-1.179)
0.091
(1.160)
0.067
(0.372)
0.055
(0.566)
Format: B (sig t ) [* p<0.05 ** p<0.01]
Solids Buildings Mean
Height
-0.270
(-1.181)
-0.102
(-1.224)
-0.214
(-1.532)
-0.112
(-1.192)
-0.093
(-0.805)
-0.197
(-1.765)
-0.121
(-1.303)
-0.162
(-0.961)
Height
Standard
Deviation
0.070
(0.410)
0.120
(1.761)
0.202*
(2.007)
0.041
(0.521)
0.072
(0.818)
0.187
(1.916)
0.180*
(2.491)
0.020
(0.124)
Forest Canopies Mean
Height
-0.091
(-0.486)
0.220**
(3.484)
0.138
(1.452)
0.190*
(2.546)
0.147
(1.688)
0.107
(1.227)
0.171*
(2.493)
-0.009
(-0.064)
Height
Standard
Deviation
0.136
(0.517)
-0.255**
(-3.202)
-0.197
(-1.616)
-0.133
(-1.372)
-0.082
(-0.813)
-0.107
(-0.889)
-0.204*
(-2.337)
0.059
(0.322)
Terrains Mean
Elevation
0.021
(0.189)
0.130*
(2.086)
0.142
(1.413)
0.212**
(3.759)
0.153*
(2.130)
0.169*
(2.252)
0.148*
(2.273)
0.119
(1.165)
Elevation Standard
Deviation
2.671
(0.986)
0.152
(1.176)
0.180
(0.671)
0.058
(0.436)
0.144
(1.102)
-0.085
(-0.169)
0.144
(1.063)
-0.742
(-0.442)
R2 0.259 0.276 0.182 0.369 0.310 0.222 0.192 0.323
Adjusted R2 0.034 0.207 0.081 0.258 0.163 0.136 0.106 0.168
Chow test F=1.689,p=0.025 F=1.143,p=0.295 F=1.042,p=0.412 F=1.022,p=0.438
Detailed fitting results of group-wise multiple linear regressions with travel popularity as the dependent variable
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