Three modes of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent

doi:10.1007/s11442-022-1942-4

摘要/Abstract

Abstract:

The westerly winds and East Asian summer monsoon play a leading role in climate change of southwestern North America and eastern Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), respectively. Their convergence in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent (AAC) makes the regional climate change more complicated on the millennial-scale. There are still limitations in applying paleoclimate records and climate simulations of characteristic periods to investigate climate change patterns since the LGM in this region. In this study, we adopt two indexes indicating effective moisture and rely on a continuous simulation, a time slice simulation, and numerous paleoclimate records to comprehensively investigate the climate change modes and their driving mechanisms since the LGM in AAC. Results demonstrate a millennial-scale climate differentiation phenomenon and three climate change modes possibly occurring in AAC since the LGM. The western AAC largely controlled by the westerly winds is featured as wet climates during the LGM but relatively dry climates during the mid-Holocene (MH), coinciding with the climate change mode in southwestern North America. Conversely, dry conditions during the LGM and relatively wet conditions during the MH are reflected in eastern AAC governed by the East Asian summer monsoon, which leans to the climate change mode in eastern Asia. If climate change in central AAC is forced by the interaction of two circulations, it expresses wet conditions in both the LGM and MH, tending to a combination of the southwestern North American and eastern Asian modes. Precipitation and evaporation exert different intensities in influencing three climate modes of different periods. Furthermore, we identify the significant driving effects of greenhouse gases and ice sheets on westerly-dominated zones of AAC, while orbit-driven insolation on monsoon-dominated zones of AAC.

Key words: arid and semi-arid regions, Asian continent, climate change mode, Last Glacial Maximum, paleoclimate simulation

. [J]. 地理学报(英文版), 2022, 32(2): 195-213.

ZHANG Yuxin, LI Yu. Three modes of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2022, 32(2): 195-213.

图/表 10

参考文献 84

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Boundary conditions	Last Glacial Maximum	Mid-Holocene
Eccentricity	0.018994	0.018682
Obliquity (°)	22.949°	24.105°
Longitude of perihelion (°)	114.42°	0.87°
CO₂ (ppm)	185	280
CH₄ (ppb)	350	650
N₂O (ppb)	200	270
Ice sheet	Peltier (2004) 21 ka	Peltier (2004) 0 ka
Vegetation	Present-day	Present-day

Model name	Grid number (lon×lat)	Levels	Resolution (lon °)	Resolution (lat °)
CNRM-CM5	256×128	17	1.40625	1.40625
CCSM4	288×192	17	1.25	0.9375
MIROC-ESM	128×64	35	2.8125	2.8125
GISS-E2-R	144×90	17	2.5	2
MPI-ESM-P	192×96	25	1.875	1.875
MRI-CGCM3	320×160	23	1.125	1.125

Records name	Latitude	Longitude	Record status	Proxies used	References
Hajar mountains	22.83	59	Dry	Sedimentation rates	Fuchs et al., 2008
Huguang Maar Lake	21.15	110.28	Dry	Water content	Mingram et al., 2004
Gutian peat	26.09	110.37	Dry	δ¹³C_org	Man et al., 2016
Lake Caohai	27	104.67	Dry	δ¹³C	Lin and Wei, 2000
Qilu Hu	24.18	102.75	Dry	CaCO₃	Hodell et al., 1999
Lake Tianchi	25.87	99.27	Dry	C/N	Jiang et al., 2019
Lake Ximencuo	33.38	101.1	Dry	Pollen	Herzschuh et al., 2014
Lake Kuhai	35.3	99.2	Dry	Pollen	Wischnewski et al., 2011
Qinghai Lake	36.53	99.6	Dry	Carbonate	Madsen et al., 2008
Sanjiaocheng	38.2	103.34	Dry	TOC	Zhang et al., 2004
Xiaogou	36	105	Dry	TOC	Wu et al., 2009
Xunyi Loess	35.72	109.42	Dry	δ¹³C	Lu et al., 2013
Luochuan loess deposits	35.03	108.22	Dry	δ¹³C	Lu et al., 2013
Hala Lake	38.2	97.4	Dry	OM	Yan and Wünnemann, 2014
Hovsgol Lake	50.54	101.16	Dry	Lake level	Murakami et al., 2010
Achit Nuur	49.42	90.52	Wet	MAP	Sun et al., 2013
Karakul Lake	39.02	73.53	Dry	Sediments	Heinecke et al., 2017
Zabuye Lake	31.35	84.07	Wet	δ¹⁸O_Carb	Wang et al., 2002
Van Lake	38.5	43	Dry	TIC	Öğretmen, 2012
Yitang Lake	40.3	94.97	Dry	δ¹³C	Zhao et al., 2015
Luanhaizi	37.59	101.35	Dry	Pollen	Herzschuh et al., 2005
Lop Nur	40.78	91.05	Wet	Grain size	Luo et al., 2009
Aydin	42.53	89.17	Wet	Sediments	Li et al., 1989
Lake Manas	45.75	86	Dry	Pollen	Rhodes et al., 1996
Balikun Lake	43.7	92.8	Dry	/	GLSDB
Bangge Lake	31.75	89.57	Wet	/	GLSDB
Beysehir	37.75	31.5	Wet	/	GLSDB
Dachaidan-Xiaochaidan salt lakes	37.5	95.37	Wet	/	GLSDB
Erhai	25.84	99.98	Wet	/	GLSDB
Ioannina	39.66	20.88	Wet	/	GLSDB
Konya	37.5	33	Wet	/	GLSDB
Manxing Lake	22	100.6	Dry	/	GLSDB
Zeribar	35.53	46.12	Wet	/	GLSDB
Zhacang Caka	32.6	82.38	Wet	/	GLSDB