Journal of Geographical Sciences >
Profoundly entwined ecosystem services, land-use change and human well-being into sustainability management in Yushu, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Liu Mengxe, E-mail: mengxueliu@mail.bnu.edu.cn |
Received date: 2021-09-30
Accepted date: 2022-03-25
Online published: 2022-11-25
Supported by
The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program(2019QZKK0608)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171275)
China Science & Technology Supporting Program(2017YFE0100400)
The nexus exploration among land use/land cover change, ecosystem services and human well-being has been increasingly crucial in the context of Future Earth. However, the spatial heterogeneity and the entwining process among these three aspects have not yet been in-depth and systematically explored. Here we identified the spatiotemporal pattern of ecosystem services during the past 20 years in Yushu, the eco-fragile region and the centre of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as well as clarified its relationships with land use change and human well-being. We revealed that: (1) The structure of the ecosystem and land use in this area have been increasingly stable, and the ecological projects have exerted a positive impact. (2) Although the ecological environmental issues still need more attention, the ecosystem services of the area have been positively developing. (3) Derived by the ecosystem services increase, environmental projects and policies, the human well-beings of culture and education performed much better than other aspects. (4) It is crucial to carry out long-term ecological projects and increase educational investment for maintaining the stability of this ecologically fragile area. This study provides significant support for the regional ecological sustainability decision making, especially for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the roof of the world.
LIU Mengxue , GAO Ya , WEI Hejie , DONG Xiaobin , ZHAO Bingyu , WANG Xue-Chao , ZHANG Peng , LIU Ranran , ZOU Xinyu . Profoundly entwined ecosystem services, land-use change and human well-being into sustainability management in Yushu, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2022 , 32(9) : 1745 -1765 . DOI: 10.1007/s11442-022-2021-6
Figure 1 The location of Yushu, Qinghai Province, China |
Table 1 The data type and source |
Data | Sources | Website |
---|---|---|
Land cover/land change data | The Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | www.resdc.cn |
DEM | The Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | www.resdc.cn |
Temperature data | The National Meteorological Information Center | https://www.gloh2o.org |
Precipitation data | The National Meteorological Information Center | https://www.gloh2o.org |
Solar radiation data | The National Meteorological Information Center | https://www.gloh2o.org |
Soil texture | FAO’s HWSD 1.2 Global Soil Assimilation Database | https://www.fao.org |
Potential evapotranspiration (PET) | MOD16A3 products from the US Geological Survey (USGS) | https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/ |
NDVI annual composite data/NDVI monthly composite data | The Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | www.resdc.cn |
Statistical yearbook data | Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics/National Bureau of Statistics | http://tjj.qinghai.gov.cn/http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |
Population density distribution data | The Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | www.resdc.cn |
GDP distribution data | The Resource and Environmental Science Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | www.resdc.cn |
Nighttime lights product | DMSP/OLS from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information and NPP/VIRRS from the US Geological Survey (USGS) | https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/downloadV4composites.htmlhttps://lpdaac.usgs.gov/dataset_discovery/viirs/ |
Table 2 The modified coefficient of the LUI of different land-use types in Yushu (Margriter et al., 2014) |
Land cover types | Forest land | Grassland | Water body | Urban land | Bare land | Farmland | Ice/Snow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDI coefficients | 2.02 | 3.74 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 4.54 | 1 |
Figure 2 The framework of evaluation of human well-being in Yushu |
Figure 3 The land use map of Yushu from 2000-2015 |
Table 3 The area and proportion of land-use types in Yushu from 2000 to 2015 |
Land use / land cover (km2) | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | Change area (2000-2015) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | % | Area | % | Area | % | Area | % | Area | % | |
Forest land | 5971.05 | 2.24 | 5972.4 | 2.24 | 5967 | 2.24 | 5964.3 | 2.24 | -6.75 | -0.11 |
Grassland | 172,844 | 64.79 | 172,037.25 | 64.48 | 172,084.5 | 64.5 | 172,038.6 | 64.48 | -805.4 | -0.47 |
Water body | 7685.55 | 2.88 | 7781.4 | 2.92 | 7781.4 | 2.92 | 8164.8 | 3.1 | 479.25 | 6.24 |
Urban land | 59.4 | 0.02 | 59.4 | 0.02 | 62.1 | 0.02 | 76.95 | 0.02 | 17.55 | 29.55 |
Bare land | 78,031.35 | 29.25 | 78,748.2 | 29.52 | 78,703.65 | 29.5 | 78,421.5 | 29.36 | 390.15 | 0.5 |
Farmland | 371.25 | 0.14 | 364.5 | 0.14 | 364.5 | 0.14 | 360.45 | 0.14 | -10.8 | -2.9 |
Ice/Snow | 1833.3 | 0.68 | 1833.3 | 0.68 | 1833.3 | 0.68 | 1769.85 | 0.66 | -63.45 | -3.5 |
Total | 266,795.9 | 100 | 266,796.45 | 100 | 266,796.45 | 100 | 266,796.45 | 100 |
Table 4 Land use transfer matrix of Yushu during 2000-2015 |
Area in 2000 (km2) | Area in 2015 (km2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest land | Grassland | Water body | Urban land | Bare land | Farmland | Ice/Snow | |
Forest land | 3823.2 | 1911.6 | 36.45 | 5.05 | 151.2 | 29.7 | 0 |
Grassland | 1831.95 | 156,863.25 | 974.7 | 28.35 | 13,234.05 | 122.85 | 140.4 |
Water body | 32.4 | 909.9 | 5741.55 | 4.05 | 997.65 | 6.75 | 0 |
Urban land | 4.05 | 20.25 | 4.05 | 27 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 |
Bare land | 195.75 | 12,164.85 | 1431 | 9.45 | 64,088.55 | 4.05 | 168.75 |
Farmland | 39.15 | 125.55 | 4.05 | 4.05 | 2.7 | 195.75 | 0 |
Ice/Snow | 1.35 | 143.1 | 0 | 0 | 228.15 | 0 | 1422.9 |
Total | 5927.85 | 172,138.5 | 8191.8 | 77.95 | 78,705 | 359.1 | 1732.05 |
Table 5 The LDI of each county of Yushu during 2000-2015 |
LDI | Zhidoi | Qumarleb | Chindu | Zadoi | Yushu | Nangqen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2.483 | 2.530 | 3.224 | 3.333 | 3.371 | 3.015 |
2005 | 2.482 | 2.387 | 3.227 | 3.334 | 3.368 | 3.015 |
2010 | 2.482 | 2.487 | 3.232 | 3.334 | 3.369 | 3.015 |
2015 | 2.482 | 2.486 | 3.232 | 3.334 | 3.371 | 3.016 |
Figure 4 The distribution of four ecosystem services of Yushu from 2000-2015 |
Figure 5 The change rates of ecosystem services in Yushu during 2000-2015 |
Table 6 The results of human well-being in Yushu from 2000 to 2015 |
Factor arrangement | Target arrangement | Indicator arrangement | Years | 2015-2000 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | Change rate | |||
Economic development | National economy | Primary industry added value (ten thousand yuan) | 39,592 | 101,850 | 179,760 | 214,709 | 442.30% |
Resource acquisition ability | Total post and telecommunications business (ten thousand yuan) | 204.2 | 481.2 | 1268.77 | 1160.28 | 82.40% | |
Health | body health | Number of beds in hospitals and health centers (bed) | 667 | 502 | 839 | 2113 | 216.80% |
Number of technicians in hospitals and health centers (people) | 677 | 764 | 1013 | 1270 | 87.60% | ||
Social security | Social security capacity | Number of people participating in pension insurance (people) | 1648 | 7793 | 4877 | 207,813 | 125.10% |
Culture & education | Education level | Number of students in ordinary secondary schools (people) | 4403 | 6263 | 14,949 | 16,922 | 284.30% |
Table 7 Pearson correlation coefficient among the LDI, ecosystem services and human well-being in Yushu |
LDI | WY | CS | SC | LR | Economic development | Health | Social security | Culture & education | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDI | 1 | ||||||||
WY | 0.784** | 1 | |||||||
CS | 0.755** | 0.760** | 1 | ||||||
SC | 0.563* | 0.918** | 0.731** | 1 | |||||
LR | 0.821** | 0.763** | 0.936** | 0.731** | 1 | ||||
Economic development | 0.439 | 0.273 | 0.310 | 0.14 | 0.645** | 1 | |||
Health | 0.472 | 0.396 | 0.613** | 0.471 | 0.807** | 0.34 | 1 | ||
Social security | 0.341 | 0.388 | 0.536* | 0.409 | 0.372 | 0.111 | 0.778** | 1 | |
Culture & education | 0.502 | 0.325 | 0.625* | 0.328 | 0.562* | 0.645** | 0.807** | 0.559* | 1 |
Note: * Coefficient is significant at the 0.05 level; ** Coefficient is significant at the 0.01 level |
Table 8 The contribution of different factors to ecological environmental change in Yushu |
Socioeconomic factors | Natural factors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | GDP | Nighttime lights | DEM | Slope | Temperature | Precipitation | |
WY | 0.352294 | 0.469590 | 0.019006 | 0.143787 | 0.176959 | 0.241404 | 0.468660 |
CS | 0.324778 | 0.371162 | 0.024135 | 0.248597 | 0.110280 | 0.227714 | 0.199070 |
SC | 0.557468 | 0.571658 | 0.085792 | 0.638585 | 0.179694 | 0.204624 | 0.543896 |
LR | 0.198788 | 0.203982 | 0.025725 | 0.214014 | 0.062491 | 0.114455 | 0.168895 |
Total ES | 0.232868 | 0.266229 | 0.03639 | 0.269550 | 0.076709 | 0.100156 | 0.273323 |
Table 9 The statistic indicators of NPP of grassland in Yushu during 2000-2015 |
NPP (gCm‒2) | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
min | 0.02258276 | 0.239085048 | 0.271816283 | 0.147701055 |
max | 507.8461609 | 687.2526855 | 632.9970093 | 798.7753906 |
mean | 254.1476171 | 329.777939 | 322.8934336 | 332.1697886 |
std | 106.0422684 | 150.936028 | 131.0151992 | 163.9411984 |
Figure 6 Land cover transformation in Yushu under human activity interference |
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