Journal of Geographical Sciences >
Regional land ecological security evaluation and ecological poverty alleviation practice: A case study of Yangxian County in Shaanxi Province, China
Zhang Xinrong (1995-), PhD, specialized in ecological poverty alleviation. E-mail: 1476008529@qq.com |
Received date: 2021-05-25
Accepted date: 2021-09-17
Online published: 2022-06-25
Supported by
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23070301)
Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41931293)
Land ecological security (LES) is an important part of China’s ecological civilization construction, which plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainable development of its society and economy. Based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, this study quantified the spatiotemporal changes of LES in 28 counties of the southern Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2018. The influencing factors of LES in Yangxian County were explored to clarify the mechanisms that rely on the land ecological advantages to develop organic agriculture and boost poverty alleviation. Results show that the LES of Yangxian always ranked in the top six in 28 counties of the southern Shaanxi region during 2009-2018. The LES in Yangxian increased from 0.385 in 2009 to 0.533 in 2018, and the LES level changed from relatively unsafe to safe. The indicators of rural per capita net income, grain output per unit area of arable land, and grazing intensity could explain 99.8% of the LES variance in Yangxian. Relying on ecological resources, Yangxian increased farmers’ income and boosted alleviation of poverty through innovative land policies, developing organic agriculture, and rural tourism. These findings will provide theoretical support and model reference for balancing ecological protection and poverty alleviation in restricted development zones.
ZHANG Xinrong , WANG Yongsheng , YUAN Xuefeng , YANG Yuanyuan . Regional land ecological security evaluation and ecological poverty alleviation practice: A case study of Yangxian County in Shaanxi Province, China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2022 , 32(4) : 682 -700 . DOI: 10.1007/s11442-022-1967-8
Figure 1 Location of the study area (Yangxian County, southern Shaanxi Province, China) |
Figure 2 Application of the DPSIR framework to land ecological security (LES) |
Table 1 Indicators and weights for assessing land ecological security |
Target layer | Factor layer | Number | Index layer | Unit | Index attribute | Entropy weight | AHP weight | Comprehensive weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land ecological security | Driving force (D) | D1 | Growth rate of population | % | - | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.020 |
D2 | Growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) | % | + | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.007 | ||
D3 | Per capita GDP | person/yuan | + | 0.066 | 0.057 | 0.072 | ||
D4 | Urbanization level | % | _ | 0.020 | 0.100 | 0.052 | ||
Pressure (P) | P1 | Population density | person/km2 | - | 0.012 | 0.058 | 0.031 | |
P2 | Economic density | 10,000 yuan/km2 | + | 0.242 | 0.024 | 0.089 | ||
P3 | Fertilizer use per unit area of arable land | kg/ha | - | 0.004 | 0.013 | 0.008 | ||
P4 | Plastic film use per unit area of arable land | kg/ha | - | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.010 | ||
P5 | Grazing intensity of grassland | 10,000 heads/ha | - | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.024 | ||
State (S) | S1 | >25° slope ratio | % | - | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.056 | |
S2 | Total organic matter content | % | + | 0.100 | 0.013 | 0.042 | ||
S3 | NDVI | / | + | 0.017 | 0.038 | 0.030 | ||
S4 | Net primary productivity of vegetation (NPP) | gC/m2 | + | 0.035 | 0.026 | 0.035 | ||
S5 | Per capita arable land | ha/person | + | 0.040 | 0.046 | 0.050 | ||
Impact (I) | I1 | Tertiary industrial structure | % | + | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.038 | |
I2 | Rural per capita net Income | yuan | + | 0.063 | 0.124 | 0.103 | ||
I3 | Grain output per unit area of arable land | kg/ha | + | 0.074 | 0.138 | 0.118 | ||
I4 | Per capita food production | kg/person | + | 0.033 | 0.096 | 0.066 | ||
Response (R) | R1 | GDP energy intensity | tons of SCE/yuan | - | 0.010 | 0.048 | 0.026 | |
R2 | Afforestation area | ha | + | 0.076 | 0.024 | 0.050 | ||
R3 | Agricultural mechanization degree per unit area of arable land | kW/ha | + | 0.086 | 0.046 | 0.073 |
Table 2 The classification of LES level |
Grade | I | II | III | IV | V |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Safe | Relatively safe | Critically safe | Relatively unsafe | Unsafe |
Value | 0.47-0.58 | 0.43-0.47 | 0.40-0.43 | 0.36-0.40 | 0.00-0.36 |
Table 3 The comprehensive LES index of administrative counties in southern Shaanxi from 2009 to 2018 |
Counties | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanbin | 0.364 | 0.375 | 0.386 | 0.401 | 0.428 | 0.451 | 0.484 | 0.482 | 0.502 | 0.509 |
Hanyin | 0.383 | 0.384 | 0.387 | 0.474 | 0.445 | 0.462 | 0.483 | 0.497 | 0.511 | 0.509 |
Shiquan | 0.345 | 0.363 | 0.367 | 0.402 | 0.419 | 0.442 | 0.468 | 0.483 | 0.514 | 0.515 |
Ningshan | 0.410 | 0.414 | 0.421 | 0.441 | 0.469 | 0.463 | 0.521 | 0.507 | 0.544 | 0.527 |
Ziyang | 0.316 | 0.325 | 0.334 | 0.356 | 0.375 | 0.401 | 0.415 | 0.432 | 0.447 | 0.431 |
Langao | 0.338 | 0.348 | 0.356 | 0.377 | 0.398 | 0.422 | 0.439 | 0.449 | 0.468 | 0.450 |
Pingli | 0.343 | 0.352 | 0.366 | 0.387 | 0.416 | 0.447 | 0.459 | 0.475 | 0.497 | 0.484 |
Zhenping | 0.400 | 0.406 | 0.415 | 0.418 | 0.442 | 0.462 | 0.483 | 0.497 | 0.512 | 0.504 |
Xunyang | 0.289 | 0.293 | 0.300 | 0.333 | 0.360 | 0.382 | 0.404 | 0.415 | 0.441 | 0.440 |
Baihe | 0.342 | 0.348 | 0.356 | 0.380 | 0.404 | 0.422 | 0.448 | 0.456 | 0.480 | 0.481 |
Hantai | 0.365 | 0.385 | 0.396 | 0.432 | 0.462 | 0.495 | 0.482 | 0.507 | 0.539 | 0.580 |
Nanzheng | 0.374 | 0.390 | 0.408 | 0.425 | 0.452 | 0.476 | 0.471 | 0.489 | 0.499 | 0.525 |
Chenggu | 0.394 | 0.413 | 0.425 | 0.458 | 0.485 | 0.519 | 0.497 | 0.523 | 0.543 | 0.567 |
Yangxian | 0.385 | 0.396 | 0.406 | 0.432 | 0.451 | 0.468 | 0.485 | 0.503 | 0.511 | 0.533 |
Xixiang | 0.324 | 0.341 | 0.365 | 0.390 | 0.409 | 0.432 | 0.449 | 0.453 | 0.457 | 0.457 |
Mianxian | 0.344 | 0.367 | 0.383 | 0.408 | 0.432 | 0.451 | 0.432 | 0.446 | 0.472 | 0.488 |
Ningqiang | 0.313 | 0.328 | 0.348 | 0.367 | 0.383 | 0.414 | 0.415 | 0.450 | 0.453 | 0.470 |
Lüeyang | 0.292 | 0.320 | 0.355 | 0.386 | 0.413 | 0.446 | 0.448 | 0.449 | 0.454 | 0.473 |
Zhenba | 0.297 | 0.317 | 0.316 | 0.333 | 0.348 | 0.374 | 0.390 | 0.416 | 0.418 | 0.430 |
Liuba | 0.362 | 0.383 | 0.389 | 0.409 | 0.430 | 0.465 | 0.485 | 0.502 | 0.509 | 0.511 |
Foping | 0.415 | 0.436 | 0.409 | 0.434 | 0.492 | 0.501 | 0.519 | 0.520 | 0.480 | 0.541 |
Shangzhou | 0.327 | 0.333 | 0.334 | 0.358 | 0.386 | 0.360 | 0.448 | 0.452 | 0.448 | 0.459 |
Luonan | 0.344 | 0.367 | 0.355 | 0.380 | 0.401 | 0.389 | 0.457 | 0.460 | 0.470 | 0.455 |
Danfeng | 0.326 | 0.338 | 0.339 | 0.364 | 0.389 | 0.382 | 0.432 | 0.430 | 0.447 | 0.424 |
Shangnan | 0.364 | 0.362 | 0.355 | 0.387 | 0.406 | 0.393 | 0.440 | 0.447 | 0.463 | 0.419 |
Shanyang | 0.339 | 0.321 | 0.311 | 0.341 | 0.360 | 0.342 | 0.419 | 0.402 | 0.421 | 0.421 |
Zhenan | 0.321 | 0.340 | 0.338 | 0.354 | 0.370 | 0.357 | 0.400 | 0.405 | 0.425 | 0.416 |
Zhashui | 0.357 | 0.371 | 0.366 | 0.388 | 0.428 | 0.395 | 0.457 | 0.456 | 0.467 | 0.454 |
Yangxian’s rank | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
Figure 3 Spatial distribution of the LES level in counties from 2009 to 2018 |
Figure 4 Evaluation results of each subsystem index in Yangxian County from 2009 to 2018 |
Table 4 Estimated parameters and ANOVA of the stepwise linear regression analysis |
Model | Input variable | Adjusted R2 | P | Linear regression equation |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I2 | 0.989 | <0.001 | y=0.374+1.584x |
2 | I2(x1), I3(x2) | 0.996 | <0.001 | y=0.297+1.558x1+1.078x2 |
3 | I2(x1), I3(x2), P5(x3) | 0.998 | <0.001 | y=0.266+1.470x1+0.960x2+3.524x3 |
Figure 5 Ecological poverty alleviation process in Yangxian County |
Table 5 The process of organic agriculture and poverty alleviation in Caoba Village |
Period | Major measures | Major effectiveness | Rural development status |
---|---|---|---|
Exploration period (2005-2008) | ① Building roads to connect villages and groups ② Building water storage ponds, improving irrigation facilities and field road networks ③ Introducing Whangkeumbae pear and transforming low-yield pear orchard | The agricultural output was low, and the rural per capita net income was only 1800 yuan. The village collective owned as much as 200,000 yuan | ① Village-environment “dirty, messy, bad” ② Agricultural production “small, scattered, chaotic” ③ Land abandonment low efficiency |
Transformation period (2009-2017) | ① Building comprehensive service buildings and kindergartens ② Integrating resources, establishing Crested Ibis Lake professional cooperative ③ Developing rural tourism | ① The per-mu (15 mu =1 ha) output of organic rice was 2100 yuan, which was 1.5 times that of ordinary rice. ② The rural per capita net income was 11,000 yuan, and the cumulative village collective income was 826,000 yuan. | ① Significant improvement in production and living conditions ② Cooperative operation ③ Collective management |
New period (after 2018) | ① Land trust to improve production scale and efficiency ② Developing agricultural industrial parks, demonstration parks, and leisure farms, and promoting coordinated development among rural production-living-ecological functions ③ Building agricultural industry chain of production, sightseeing, leisure, vacation, and entertainment | ① The rural per capita net income was 13,500 yuan, and the cumulative village collective income was 130,000 yuan. ② Receiving 56,000 tourists, with a total tourism income of 800,000 yuan | ① Thriving businesses ② Pleasant living environment Prosperity |
Table 6 The typical case of ecological poverty alleviation in southern Shaanxi Province |
City | County | Pathways | Industries | Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanzhong | Foping | Ecological forest ranger Ecological compensation Ecological resettlement Under-forest economy | Tourism Characteristic planting and breeding Chinese herbal medicines such as Gastrodia elata, Polyporus, Cornus officinalis | Enterprises+party organizations+village collective economic cooperatives+farmers+N | ||
Ankang | Ningshan | Dried fruits, forest tourism, under-forest medicine, characteristic breeding, and flower seedlings | Ecology+forestry industry+forest ranger Ecology+forest rights +resettlement Ecology+forestry engineering +tourism | |||
Shangluo | Zhashui | Edible fungi such as black fungus and mushroom Economic forests such as walnuts and chestnuts | Branch+reform+collective econo my+companies+base+poor households |
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