Journal of Geographical Sciences >
Hydrochemical regime and its mechanism in Yamzhog Yumco Basin, South Tibet
*Corresponding author: Zhang Xueqin (1971-), PhD, specialized in climatic change and its effects. E-mail:zhangxq@igsnrr.ac.cn
Author: Zhe Meng (1989-), PhD Candidate, specialized in hydrological process of alpine lakes. E-mail:aimierzhe@126.com
Received date: 2016-07-14
Accepted date: 2017-02-24
Online published: 2017-09-05
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41471064, No.41171062
Copyright
The hydrochemistry of alpine lakes reflects water characteristic and its response to climatic change. Over 300 water samples had been collected from 52 sites of 5 lakes and 7 inflowing rivers in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin, South Tibet, during 2009-2014, basing which the hydrochemical regime and its mechanism were analyzed along with the adoption of hydrological investigations in 1979 and 1984 as well. Results revealed that the waters were hard with weak alkalinity for the Yamzhog Yumco Basin. Most of them were fresh, and the rest were slightly saline. The hydrochemical types of 5 lakes (i.e., Lake Yamzhog Yum Co, Puma Yum Co, Bajiu Co, Kongmu Co, and Chen Co) were SO42--HCO3--Mg2+-Na+, HCO3-- SO42--Mg2+-Ca2+, SO42--Mg2+-Na+, SO42--HCO3--Ca2+, and SO42--Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+, respectively. As for rivers, HCO3- and SO42- were the major anions, and Ca2+ was the dominant cation. Lake Yamzhog Yum Co, the largest lake in the basin, exhibited remarkable spatial variations in hydrochemistry at its surface but irregular changes with depth. The weathering of evaporates and carbonates, together with evaporation and crystallization, were the major mechanisms controlling the hydrochemistry of waters in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin. Global warming also had significant impacts on hydrochemical variations.
ZHE Meng , Zhang Xueqin , WANG Buwei , SUN Rui , ZHENG Du . Hydrochemical regime and its mechanism in Yamzhog Yumco Basin, South Tibet[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017 , 27(9) : 1111 -1122 . DOI: 10.1007/s11442-017-1425-1
Figure 1 Map of the YYB and sampling locations. It is based on the digital elevation model (DEM) with a ground resolution of 90 m, which was obtained from the NASA SRTM (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/) |
Figure 2 The annual average (a) pH, (b) TH, and (c) TDS values of waters in the YYB during 2009-2014. YZYC, KMC, CC, BJC, PMYC, KLXR, YJR, PZR, XDR, QQR, KDJR, and GMLR are short for Lake Yamzhog Yum Co, Kongmu Co, Chen Co, Bajiu Co, Puma Yum Co, Kaluxiong River, Yajian River, Puzong River, Xiangda River, Quqing River, Kadongjia River, and Gamalin River, respectively |
Figure 3 The Piper diagrams of the major ion concentrations and hydrochemical types of waters in the YYB, showing (a) the current status (2009-2014) and the variations from 1984 in lake waters and (b) the current status (2009-2014) in river waters. Data in 1984 is after Chen (1990). YZYC, PMYC, CC, BJC, KMC, KLXR, YJR, PZR, XDR, QQR, KDJR, and GMLR are short for Lake Yamzhog Yum Co, Puma Yum Co, Chen Co, Bajiu Co, Kongmu Co, Kaluxiong River, Yajian River, Puzong River, Xiangda River, Quqing River, Kadongjia River, and Gamalin River, respectively |
Figure 4 The spatial distribution of (a) MD values and the molar concentration percentage of (b) (Na++K+), (c) Mg2+, and (d) Ca2+ in the surface water of Lake Yamzhog Yum Co |
Figure 5 The vertical changes in major ions, MD, and pH values of waters in Lake Yamzhog Yum Co in 1979 and 2009-2014. Data in 1979 is after Guan et al. (1984) |
Figure 6 Gibbs diagram of TDS values versus the weight ratio of Na+/(Na++Ca2+) and Cl-/(Cl-+HCO3-), indicating the mechanisms controlling the hydrochemistry of main lake and river waters in the YYB |
Figure 7 Scatter diagrams of (a) (Cl-+SO42-) vs. HCO3-, (b) (HCO3-+SO42-) vs. (Ca2++Mg2+), (c) HCO3- vs. (Ca2++Mg2+), (d) (Na++K+) vs. (Ca2++Mg2+), (e) SO42- vs. Na+, and (f) Cl- vs. Na+ for river waters in the YYB |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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