Journal of Geographical Sciences >
Distribution of plant species and species-soil relationship in the east central Gurbantunggut Desert, China
Author: An Ping, Associate Professor, E-mail:an.ping@alrc.tottori-u.ac.jp
Received date: 2013-03-28
Accepted date: 2014-02-26
Online published: 2015-01-15
Copyright
The distribution of plant species and relationships between species and soil factors in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert was studied to provide more insight into the flora and determine differences in vegetation across various parts of the desert. Two-way Cluster Analysis showed that the vegetation in the area could be divided into three groups, the first group was dominated by the shrub species, Ephedra przewalskii and the grass species, Carex physodes mainly in areas of flat grounds and gentle slopes; the second group was dominated by C. physodes, Artemisia songorica and A. xerophytica mainly on the slope of sand dunes and the third group was dominated by the shrub species, Haloxylon persicum mainly on the top of sand dunes. There was no difference in plant density between Groups 1 and 2 but there was a significant decrease in Group 3. Soil water under vegetation Group 3 was much lower than that in the other two groups at all soil depths. The EC, organic matter, total P and soluble Na, Ca and Mg varied very similarly with soil water. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) satisfactorily assessed the species-soil relations in the area. The distribution of plant species was strongly correlated with the soil factors of water content, organic matter, EC and nutrients. The variations in species occurrence explained by the three CCA axes were about 70%, indicating that some explanatory site variables may exist outside our studied parameters. Soil texture is suggested to be included in future studies to improve the explanation of CCA.
Key words: distribution; plant species; soil; Gurbantunggut Desert; China
AN Ping , LI Xiangjun , ZHENG Yuanrun , ENEJI A. Egrinya , QIMAN Yunus , ZHENG Mingqing , INANAGA Shinobu . Distribution of plant species and species-soil relationship in the east central Gurbantunggut Desert, China[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015 , 25(1) : 101 -112 . DOI: 10.1007/s11442-015-1156-0
Figure 1 Geographical location of Gurbantunggut Desert (area with grids) and study area (area within a circle). (Source: Database of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1999) |
Figure 2 Average monthly temperature and precipitation of Jimsar County (where the study area was located) from 2001 to 2009 |
Figure 3 Dendrogram derived from Two-way Cluster Analysis of the vegetation data collected at Gurbantunggut Desert; p1-p20 represents plot numbers. The abbreviations for key species are: Eph prz (Ephedra przewalskii), Art son (Artemisia songorica), Art xer (Artemisia xerophytica), Car phy (Carex physodes), Hal per (Haloxylon persicum). Data in black grids are importance value of a species in a plot |
Table 1 Summary of vegetation coverage, plant density, plant water contents and species diversity index in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert. Values in column with different letters are significantly different at p<0.05. S, E, H’ and D represents richness, Shannon index, evenness and Simpson’s index of diversity, respectively. |
Vegetation group | Coverage (%) | Density (number m-1) | Plant water content (%) | S | E | H’ | D |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | 24a | 29a | 40 | 5.3a | 0.38 | 0.64 | 0.37 |
Group 2 | 16b | 23a | 41 | 6.2a | 0.43 | 0.75 | 0.36 |
Group 3 | 10c | 3b | 44 | 3b | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.38 |
Means in the same column followed by different letters differ significantly according to Duncan’s multiple range test. |
Table 2 Soil parameters of the three vegetation groups in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert at surface, 20 and 50 cm soil depth. Data are means. Different letters within 3 vegetation groups at each depth for each parameter show significant difference at p<0.05 |
Surface | 20 cm | 50 cm | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation group | Vegetation group | Vegetation group | |||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Soil water (%) | 0.152a | 0.186a | 0.042b | 0.353a | 0.450a | 0.108b | 0.456ab | 0.664a | 0.256b |
EC (mS cm-1) | 0.050a | 0.051a | 0.028b | 0.047a | 0.044a | 0.022b | 0.058a | 0.065a | 0.022b |
Organic matter (mg kg-1) | 1960a | 1820a | 600b | 1240a | 1120ab | 800b | 1110a | 1020a | 660b |
N (mg kg-1) | 128a | 80b | 17c | 91a | 44b | 8b | 84a | 34b | 4b |
P (mg kg-1) | 340a | 372a | 188b | 265a | 322a | 186b | 283a | 312a | 186b |
K (mg kg-1) | 14180a | 13880a | 14100a | 14470a | 14040a | 14420a | 14240a | 14320a | 14660a |
Na (mg kg-1) | 30ab | 35a | 22b | 45a | 39a | 21a | 56a | 81ab | 19b |
Ca (mg kg-1) | 44a | 43a | 22b | 51a | 48a | 18b | 47a | 41a | 21b |
Mg (mg kg-1) | 10a | 7a | 3b | 10a | 10a | 1b | 8a | 7a | 2b |
For each vegetation group, means in the same row followed by different letters differ significantly according to Duncan’s multiple range test. |
Figure 4 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) plots ordination of the plots in Gurbantunggut Desert, China. The vectors represent environmental variables. The length of the vector is proportional to its importance and the angle between a vector and each axis is related to its correlation with the axis. Variables with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.45 are presented. Other abbreviations are as defined in Table 4. |
Table 3 Summary statistics of the three canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordinations in the east central part of Gurbantunggut Desert |
Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalues | 0.744 | 0.478 | 0.254 |
Variance explained (%) | 34.7 | 22.3 | 11.9 |
Cumulative explained (%) | 34.7 | 57 | 68.9 |
Pearson correlation | 0.997 | 0.998 | 0.963 |
Table 4 Canonical coefficients and inter-set correlations of environmental variables with the first three axes of Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for the data set from Gurbantunggut Desert. The abbreviations are SW: soil water, EC: electrical conductivity, Org: organic matter, -S: 0-5 cm soil, -20: 20 cm soil depth, -50: 50 cm soil depth. |
Variable | Canonical coefficients | Inter-set correlations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 | Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Axis 3 | |
SW-S | 1.689 | 1.451 | -0.266 | 0.7 | 0.218 | -0.199 |
SW-20 | -0.085 | -0.067 | 0.057 | 0.574 | 0.296 | -0.178 |
SW-50 | -1.034 | -0.346 | -0.014 | 0.487 | 0.556 | 0.005 |
EC-S | -0.857 | -0.48 | 0.164 | 0.684 | 0.002 | -0.388 |
EC-20 | -0.58 | 0.267 | -1.507 | 0.816 | -0.062 | -0.19 |
EC-50 | 0.391 | 0.219 | -0.451 | 0.699 | 0.214 | -0.03 |
Org-S | 1.111 | 0.937 | -0.563 | 0.806 | -0.148 | -0.234 |
Org-20 | -1.039 | -0.631 | 0.165 | 0.496 | -0.235 | -0.253 |
Org-50 | 0.186 | 0.331 | -0.557 | 0.593 | -0.165 | -0.076 |
N-S | 0.692 | -0.383 | 0.329 | 0.793 | -0.383 | -0.262 |
N-20 | 0.143 | -0.327 | 0.422 | 0.616 | -0.395 | -0.189 |
N-50 | 0.665 | 0.363 | 0.354 | 0.609 | -0.449 | -0.105 |
P-S | -0.901 | -1.656 | 2.251 | 0.841 | 0.245 | 0.053 |
P-20 | 2.611 | 2.213 | 0.022 | 0.476 | 0.536 | -0.113 |
P-50 | -2.112 | -1.801 | -0.751 | 0.458 | 0.397 | -0.033 |
K-S | -1.615 | -1.019 | -0.676 | 0.043 | -0.463 | -0.401 |
K-20 | 0.67 | 0.058 | 0.683 | 0.05 | -0.46 | -0.243 |
K-50 | 0.283 | 0.065 | -0.31 | 0.015 | -0.333 | -0.097 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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