Journal of Geographical Sciences >
A broad overview of landscape diversity of the Yellow River source zone
Received date: 2012-05-30
Revised date: 2013-03-28
Online published: 2013-10-15
Supported by
International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China, No.2011DFG93160; No.2011DFA20820; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41001008
Pronounced variability in the landscapes of the upper Yellow River basin reflects complex inter-relationships between tectonics, climate and surficial processes over time. While the process of landscape classification necessarily involves assumptions and the simplification of reality, it still provides a useful organizational framework within which the nature and controls upon these relationships can be examined. This paper groups the landscapes of the Yellow River source zone into 10 primary classes through GIS analysis of global SRTM 90 m DEM. Landscapes of this region range from the high-elevation, low-relief plains of the upper plateau, through the narrow high-relief valleys of the Anyemaqen Shan (Mountains) in the central basin, to the dramatically incised landscapes within the Tongde and Gonghe sedimentary basins at the downstream end of the study area. A description of each of the landscape classes is presented and the interplay between tectonics, climate and surficial processes over time is examined. The importance of placing the landscapes into the context of the evolutionary history of the Yellow River source zone is emphasized, in particular the evolution of the drainage system and its influence upon present landscape dynamics.
Key words： landscape classification; diversity; connectivity; Yellow River
Tami NICOLL, Gary BRIERLEY, YU Guo-an . A broad overview of landscape diversity of the Yellow River source zone[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2013 , 23(5) : 793 -816 . DOI: 10.1007/s11442-013-1045-3
Anderson J, Hardy E, Roach J et al., 1976. A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 964. Washington D.C.: USGS.
BC Environment, 1999. Mapping and assessing terrain stability guidebook. Forest Practices Code of British Columbia.Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Forests.
Blue B, Brierley G J, Yu G A, 2013. Geodiversity in the Yellow River source zone. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 23(5): 775-792.
Bridge S R J, Johnson E A, 2000. Geomorphic principles of terrain organization and vegetation gradients. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11: 57-70.
Brierley G J, 2010. Landscape memory: The imprint of the past on contemporary landscape forms and processes.Area, 42(1): 76-85.
Brierley G J, Fryirs K, Cullum C et al., 2013. Reading the landscape: Integrating the theory and practice of geomorphology to develop place-based understanding of river systems. Progress in Physical Geography. (in press)
Brierley G J, Fryirs K, Jain V, 2006. Landscape connectivity: The geographic basis of geomorphic applications.Area, 38(2): 165-174.
Brown J, Ferrians J, Heginbottom J A et al., 2001. Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions.Digital Media. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Centre/World Data Centre for Glaciology.
Carbonneau P, Fonstad M A, Marcus W A et al., 2012. Making riverscapes real. Geomorphology, 137(1): 74-86.
Chen Y, Li Y, Zhang Y et al., 2011. Late Quaternary deposition and incision sequences of the Golmud River and their environmental implications. Quaternary International, 236(1/2): 48-56.
Cheng G, Wu T, 2007. Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Geophys. Res., 112(F2): F02S03, 1-10.
Cheng J, Zhang X, Yang G et al., 2010. Quaternary geological and landscape setting in the source area of the Yellow River. In: Brierley G J, Li X, Gang C (eds.). Landscape and Environment Science and Management in the Sanjiangyuan Region (42-47). Xining: Qinghai People's Publishing House.
China Geological Survey, 2004. Geological map of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and adjacent areas: With a guidebook. Chengdu: Chengdu Cartographic Publ. House.
Church M, 1996, Space, time and the mountain: How do we order what we see? In: Rhoads B L, Thorn C E (eds.).The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology. Chichester: Wiley, 147-170.
Clark M K, Royden L H, Whipple K X et al., 2006. Use of a regional, relict landscape to measure vertical deformation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res., 111(F3): F03002, 1-23.
Colman S M, Yu S Y, An Z et al., 2007. Late Cenozoic climate changes in China's western interior: A review of research on Lake Qinghai and comparison with other records. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(17/18): 2281-2300.
Craddock W H, Kirby E, Harkins N W et al., 2010. Rapid fluvial incision along the Yellow River during headward basin integration. Nature Geosci, 3(3): 209-213.
Davis F, Dozier J, 1990. Information analysis of a spatial database for ecological land classification. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 56(5): 605-613.
DeMets C, Gordon R G, Argus D F et al., 1994. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(20): 2191-2194.
Deng Y X, 2007. New trends in digital terrain analysis: landform definition, representation, and classification.Progress in Physical Geography, 31: 405-419.
Di Gregorio A, Jansen L J M, 1998. Land Cover Classification System (LCCS): Classification Concepts and User Manual. Environment and Natural Resources Service, Africover-East Africa Project and Soil Resources,Management and Conservation Service. FAO.
Fang X, Lü L, Yang S et al., 2002. Loess in Kunlun Mountains and its implications on desert development and Tibetan Plateau uplift in west China. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45(4): 289-299.
Fang X, Yan M, Van der Voo R et al., 2005. Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau:Evidence from high-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province, China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117(9/10): 1208-1225.
Fielding E, Isacks B, Barazangi M et al., 1994. How flat is Tibet? Geology, 22(2): 163-167.
Fu B, Awata Y, 2007. Displacement and timing of left-lateral faulting in the Kunlun Fault Zone, northern Tibet, inferred from geologic and geomorphic features. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29(2/3): 253-265.
Gao H, Liu X, Pan B et al., 2008. Stream response to Quaternary tectonic and climatic change: Evidence from the upper Weihe River, central China. Quaternary International, 186(1): 123-131.
Harkins N, Kirby E, Heimsath A et al., 2007. Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China. J. Geophys. Res., 112(F3): F03S04, 1-21.
Harris R B, 2010. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes. Journal of Arid Environments, 74(1): 1-12.
Harvey A M, 2002. Effective timescales of coupling within fluvial systems. Geomorphology, 44(3/4): 175-201.
Herzschuh U, Birks H J B, Jian N et al., 2010. Holocene land-cover changes on the Tibetan Plateau. The Holocene, 20(1): 91-104.
Heyman J, Hattestrand C, Stroeven A P, 2008. Glacial geomorphology of the Bayan Har sector of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Maps, 42-62.
Hu X, Chen G, Li G et al., 2010. Research on the mechanical effects of vegetation slope protection in the loess area of northeast Qinghai Province, China. In: Brierley G J, Li X, Gang C (eds.). Landscape and Environment Science and Management in the Sanjiangyuan Region. Xining: Qinghai People's Publishing House, 128-137.
Jenness J, 2006. Topographic Position Index (tpi_jen.avx) extension for ArcView 3.x, v. 1.2. Accessed at: http://www.jennessent.com/arcview/tpi.htm: Jenness Enterprises.
Klijn F, Haes H A U, 1994. A hierarchical approach to ecosystems and its implications for ecological land classification.Landscape Ecology, 9(2): 89-104.
Kuhle M, 2004. The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia. Quaternary Glaciations Extent and Chronology (Part III): South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, Antarctica, 2(3): 175-199.
Lehmkuhl F, Owen L A, 2005. Late Quaternary glaciation of Tibet and the bordering mountains: A review. Boreas, 34(2): 87-100.
Lehmkuhl F, Haselein F, 2000. Quaternary paleoenvironmental change on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas (Western China and Western Mongolia). Quaternary International, 65-66: 121-145.
Lehmkuhl F, Liu S, 1994a. An outline of physical geography including Pleistocene glacial landforms of Eastern Tibet (provinces Sichuan and Qinghai). GeoJournal, 34(1): 7-30-30.
Lehmkuhl F, Spönemann J, 1994b. Morphogenetic problems of the upper Huanghe drainage Basin. GeoJournal, 34(1): 31-40.
Li J, 1991. The environmental effects of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Science Reviews, 10(6): 479-483.
Li J, Fang X, Ma H et al., 1996. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reaches of the Yellow River during the late Cenozoic. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 39(4): 380-390.
Li J, Fang X M, Van der Voo R et al., 1997. Magnetostratigraphic dating of river terraces: Rapid and intermittent incision by the Yellow River of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau during the Quaternary. J.Geophys. Res., 102(B5): 10121-10132.
Li X, Brierley G J, Shi D et al., 2012a. Ecological protection and restoration in Sanjiangyuan Natural Reserve,Qinghai Province, China. In: Higgitt D (ed). Perspectives on Environmental Management and Technology in Asian River Basins. SpringerBriefs in Geography, Netherlands, 93-120.
Li X, Gao J, Brierley G J et al., 2011. Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Implications for rehabilitation.Land Degradation and Development. (in press)
Li X L, Perry G L W, Brierley G J et al., 2012b. Quantitative assessment of degradation classifications in degraded alpine meadows (Heitutan), Sanjiangyuan, western China. Land Degradation and Development. (in press)
Li Z W, Wang Z Y, Pan B Z et al., 2013. Analysis of controls upon channel planform at the First Great Bend of the Upper Yellow River, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 23(5): 833-848.
Liu J, Zhuang D, Luo D et al., 2003. Land-cover classification of China: Integrated analysis of AVHRR imagery and geophysical data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(12): 2485-2500.
Liu J, Buheaosier K, 2000. Study on spatial-temporal feature of modern land-use change in China: Using remote sensing technique. Quaternary Sciences, 3: 229-239. (in Chinese)
Liu-Zeng J, Tapponnier P, Gaudemer Y et al., 2008. Quantifying landscape differences across the Tibetan Plateau:Implications for topographic relief evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 113(F4).
Mabbutt J A, 1968. Review of concepts of land classification. In: Stewart G A (ed.). Land Evaluation. Melbourne:Macmillan.
MacMillan R A, Martin T C, Earle T J et al., 2003. Automated analysis and classification of landforms using high-resolution digital elevation data: Applications and issues. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 29: 592.
M閠ivier F, Gaudemer Y, Tapponnier P et al., 1998. Northeastward growth of the Tibet Plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas: The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor basins, China. Tectonics, 17(6): 823-842.
Miehe G, Miehe S, Kaiser K et al., 2009. How old is pastoralism in Tibet? An ecological approach to the making of a Tibetan landscape. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 276(1-4): 130-147.
Montgomery D R, Dietrich W E, 1989. Source areas, drainage density, and channel initiation. Water Resources Research, 25(8): 1907-1918.
Moren B, Heyman J, Stroeven A, 2011. Glacial geomorphology of the central Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Maps, 115-125.
Neef E, 1967. Die theoretische Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre. Verlag H. Haack, Gotha-Leipzig.
Owen L A, Finkel R C, Ma H Z et al., 2006. Late Quaternary landscape evolution in the Kunlun Mountains and Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet: A framework for examining the links between glaciation, lake level changes and alluvial fan formation. Quaternary International, 154/155: 73-86.
Pan J H, Liu J L, 2005. Land use change and its impact in the eco-environment on the Yellow River source region during the past 15 years. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 19(4): 69-74. (in Chinese)
Perrineau A, Woerd J V D, Gaudemer Y et al., 2011. Incision rate of the Yellow River in Northeastern Tibet constrained by 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic isotope dating of fluvial terraces: Implications for catchment evolution and plateau building. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 353(1): 189-219.
Phillips J D, 2007. The perfect landscape. Geomorphology, 84(3/4): 159-169.
Qian C, Han J E, Zhu D G et al., 2012. An analysis of geomorphologic characteristics of the Yellow River source region based on ASTER-GDEM. Geology in China, 39(5): 1247-1260. (in Chinese)
Richards K, Clifford N J, 2011. The nature of explanation in geomorphology. In: Gregory K J, Goudie A (eds.).The SAGE Handbook of Geomorphology. Los Angeles; London: SAGE.
Rowe J S, Sheard J W, 1981. Ecological land classification: A survey approach. Environmental Management, 5(5): 451-464.
Royden L H, Burchfiel B C, van der Hilst R D, 2008. The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Science, 321(5892): 1054-1058.
Small M J, Doyle M W, 2012. Historical perspectives on river restoration design in the USA. Progress in Physical Geography, 36(2): 138-153.
Sokal R R, 1974. Classification: Purposes, principles, progress, prospects. Science, 185: 1115-1123.
Stroeven A P, Hattestrand C, Heyman J et al., 2009. Landscape analysis of the Huang He headwaters, NE Tibetan Plateau: Patterns of glacial and fluvial erosion. Geomorphology, 103(2): 212-226.
Tane H, 2011. The Yellow River watershed in Qinghai's Sanjiangyuan region. In: Chen G, Li X L, Gao J et al. (eds.). Wetland Types and Evolution and Rehabilitation in the Sanjiangyuan Region. Xining, Qinghai, China:Qinghai People's Publishing House, 92-110.
Tapponnier P, Xu Z, Roger F et al., 2001. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science, 294(5547): 1671-1677.
Vogelmann J E, Sohl T, Howard S M, 1998. Regional characterization of land cover using multiple sources of data.Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 64(1): 45-57.
Wang G X, Guo X Y, Cheng G D, 2002. Dynamic variations of landscape pattern and the landscape ecological functions in the source area of the Yellow River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22(10): 1587-1598. (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Wang S, Xia W, 1995. Sedimentary mineralogy and environment interpretation of core RH from Zoige
Basin. In: Qinghai-Tibet Project Experts Committee (ed.). Formation, Evolvement, Environmental Variance, and Ecosystem Research of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Beijing: Science Press.
Wei M, Fujun N, Satoshi A et al., 2006. Slope instability phenomena in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China. Landslides, 3(3): 260-264.
Yan M, Pares J M, van der Voo R et al., 2004. Pleistocene magnetostratigraphy of the Gonghe Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau: Headward incision of the Yellow River after 1.8 Ma. AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts, 1: 17.
Yu G A, Liu L, Li Z W et al., 2013. Fluvial diversity in relation to valley setting in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 23(5): 817-832.
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |