Functional zoning in national parks under multifactor trade-off guidance: A case study of Qinghai Lake National Park in China

doi:10.1007/s11442-022-2032-3

Abstract

Abstract:

Functional zoning is an important mechanism for achieving national park planning and management objective. Better functional zoning is of great significance to the protection of ecosystem legitimacy and integrity, the appropriate utilization of resources, community integration, and feasible management. In the present study, the proposed Qinghai Lake National Park is the research object. Based on the critical goal of ecological protection, the importance of ecosystem service functions and the ecological sensitivities were evaluated. The results showed that the ecosystem service functions and the ecological sensitivity of the whole region are high. Among them, lake, river and wetland as the most strictly protected ecosystems account for the highest proportion. Then this study divided the proposed Qinghai Lake National Park into five functional areas through grid calculations, spatial analysis and multifactor trade-off. The results indicated that the goal of functional zoning for national park is to maximize the overall utility of park protection value and its comprehensive functions based on its spatial units with different functions, management and control requirements. The zoning scheme addresses the lack of sustainable development in Qinghai Lake National Park due to ecological environmental changes and single-resource zoning with resource protection as the primary goal. This study can serve as a reference for spatial functional zoning methods of national land parks, nature reserves and other natural protected areas.

Key words: national park, functional zoning, interference from human activities, multifactor trade-off

ZHAO Li, DU Mingxi, ZHANG Wei, LI Congjuan, LIU Qiuyu, KANG Xiang, ZHOU Dian. Functional zoning in national parks under multifactor trade-off guidance: A case study of Qinghai Lake National Park in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2022, 32(10): 1969-1997.

Figures/Tables 22

Figure 1

Figure 2

Table 1

Current status of the existing natural protected areas in Qinghai Lake National Park

Name	County	Level	Approval time/ year	Approved area (km²)	Administrative department in charge	Main protected objects
Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve	Gangcha; Haiyan; Gonghe	National level	1975	4588.81	Qinghai Lake Scenic Area Protection and Utilization Administration	Lake wetland ecosystems such as Qinghai Lake and wetland around the lake, rare and endangered wild animals such as Przewalski’s gazelle and their habitats
Qinghai Lake Naked Carp National Aquatic Germplasm Resources Reserve	Gangcha; Haiyan; Gonghe; Tianjun	National level	2007	33,857	Department of Agriculture	Qinghai Lake naked carp, ganzihe naked carp, hard spiny loach, stephensi loach, dorsal spotted loach and Longtou loach
Qinghai Lake National Scenic Spot	Gangcha; Haiyan; Gonghe	National level	1994	7577.84	Qinghai Lake Scenic Area Protection and Utilization Administration	Qinghai Lake wetland ecosystem and migratory bird landscape, etc
Tianjun Mountain Provincial Scenic Spot	Tianjun	Provincial level	2013	90	Forestry Department	Tianjun stone forest, Tianjun mountain and other natural landscapes and religious and cultural stone carvings and cultural landscapes
Qinghai Lake National Geopark	Gangcha; Gonghe	National level	2010	209.36	Qinghai Lake Scenic Area Protection and Utilization Administration	Qinghai Lake plateau lake
Tianjun Buha River National Wetland Park	Tianjun	National level	2014	71.34	Forestry Department	Swamp, river wetland ecosystem, rare and endangered waterfowl and their habitats
Shaliuhe National Wetland Park, Gangcha, Qinghai	Gangcha	National level	2016	29.81	Forestry Department	Swamp, river wetland ecosystem, rare and endangered wild animals and their habitats
Ketu National Desert Park, Haiyan County, Qinghai	Hanyan	National level	2015	2.99	Forestry Department	Alpine desert ecosystem and rare and endangered wild animals
Qinghai Lake Bird Island International Important Wetland	Gangcha; Gonghe	National level	1992	536	Forestry Department	The wild animals inhabiting and breeding in Qinghai Lake, and the fragile plateau lake wetland ecosystem such as Qinghai Lake and its surrounding wetlands
Qinghai Lake National Important Wetland	Gangcha; Haiyan; Gonghe	National level	2011	4588.81	Forestry Department	Waterfowl, birds, Qinghai Lake naked carp

Table 1

Figure 3

Table 2

Table 3

Figure 4

Table 4

The ecologically sensitive natural factors affecting Qinghai Lake National Park

Grading				1	2	3	4	5
Topographic features	Geomorphology			Middle altitude plain, low altitude platform, low altitude hill	High altitude plain and mid altitude hilly area	Small ups and downs, low mountains and high-altitude platforms	Middle undulating mid-mountain	High altitude hills and high altitude plains
	Altitude (m)			<2372	2372-2765	2765-3082	3082-33,691	3369-36,718
	Slope (°)			<5	5-10	10-15	15-19	19-24
Climate and hydrology	Air temperature (℃)			20-28	15-20	5-10	0-5		-8-0
	Precipitation (mm)			4000-4437	3700-4000	3400-3700	3000-3400		2800-3000
	River			Distance from river	-	Build a buffer zone 7-10 km away from the river center line	-		A 5-7 km buffer zone will be built from the river center line
	River			≥10 km	-	Build a buffer zone 7-10 km away from the river center line	-
	Lake			Distance from lake	-	Establish a buffer zone 15-20 km away from the lake	-		Establish a buffer zone 10-15 km away from the lake
	Lake			>20 km	-	Establish a buffer zone 15-20 km away from the lake	-		Establish a buffer zone 10-15 km away from the lake
Vegetation conditions	Vegetation type			Temperate deciduous shrub, subalpine deciduous broad-leaved shrub, and temperate tufted grass typical grassland	Cold temperate and temperate mountain coniferous forest, subalpine evergreen coniferous shrub	Cold temperate zone / temperate swamp, temperate grass / miscellaneous grass halophytic meadow, Alpine Kobresia / miscellaneous grass meadow	Once a year crop, short growth period cold tolerant crops (no fruit trees), alpine grass/Carex grassland		Temperate semi-shrub, dwarf semi- shrub desert
	Vegetation coverage (km²)			>6500	5000-6500	4100-6500	3000-4100		1500-3000
	Net primary productivity of vegetation (g·m^‒2·a^‒1)			>337	271-377	217-271	167-217		124-167
Soil condition	Soil type			-	Chernozem, light chernozem, chestnut soil, black felt soil, brown black felt soil, and wet black felt soil	Meadow chestnut soil, swamp soil, meadow swamp soil and black felt soil	Glebe meadow soil, sapropel swamp soil		Calcareous meadow soil, grass felt soil
Soil condition	Soil type			-			Glebe meadow soil, sapropel swamp soil		Brown grass felt soil
Bio- diversity	Bio-diversity			-	-	-	-		-
Grading				6	7	8	9
Topographic features		Geomorphology		Extremely high altitude tableland, extremely high altitude hills and small undulating mid-mountains	Small undulating high mountain, medium undulating low mountain and medium undulating high mountain	Small undulating extremely high mountain, large undulating middle mountain and large undulating high mountain	Medium undulating extremely high mountain and large undulating extremely high mountain
		Altitude (m)		3671-3943	3943-4215	4215-4517	>4517
		Slope (°)		24-28	28-32	32-37	>37
Grading				6	7	8	9
Climate and hydrology			Air temperature (℃)	-8- -15	-15- -20	-20- -30	<-30
			Precipitation (mm)	2600-2800	2500-2600	2400-2500	2344-2400
			Rivers	-	Establish a 2-5 km buffer zone from the river centerline	-	Establish a 0-2 km buffer zone from the river centerline
			Lake	-	A 5-10 km buffer zone shall be established from the lake.	-	Build a buffer zone 0-5 km away from the lake
Vegetation conditions			Vegetation type	Alpine sparse vegetation, alpine cushion dwarf semi-shrub desert	Others (impervious surface)	-	-
Vegetation conditions			Vegetation coverage (km²)	500-1500	400-500	150-400	<150
			Net primary productivity of vegetation (g·m^‒2·a^‒1)	87-124	54-87	23.9-54	<23.9
Soil condition			Soil type	Alluvial soil	Light cold calcium soil, grassland aeolian sand soil	Cold calcium soil, stone soil	Calcareous rocky soil, alkaline saline soil, cold frozen soil
Bio- diversity			Bio-diversity	Experimental area of the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve	Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve, buffer zone and Tianjun Mountain Provincial Scenic Spot	Gangchashaliuhe National Wetland Park and Tianjun Buha River National Wetland Park	Core area of the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve and important habitat of Przewalski’s gazelle

Table 4

Table 5

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

Table 6

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Terrestrial ecosystem type	Surface cover type
Cultivated land	Irrigated land and dry land
Forest	Shrub woodland, arbor woodland and other woodlands
Grassland	Natural grassland, artificial grassland and other grasslands
Aquatics	River surface, pond surface, reservoir surface, river and lake
Wetland	Inland beach and swamp
Others	Construction land, various road pavements, other urban planning land, etc.

Ecosystem service	Evaluating indicator	Function category	Evaluation method
Climate regulation	Temperature adjustment	Regulation service	Energy substitution method
Climate regulation	Humidity regulation	Regulation service	Cost substitution method

Ecological sensitivity factor	Insensitive area	Slightly sensitive area	Moderately sensitive area	Highly sensitive area	Extremely sensitive area
Geomorphic type	1	2, 3, 4	5	6, 7	8, 9
Altitude	1, 2, 3	4, 5	6	7	8, 9
Slope	1	2, 3	4, 5	6, 7	8, 9
Air temperature	1, 2	3, 4	5, 6	7, 8	9
Precipitation	1, 2	3	4, 5	6, 7	8, 9
River	1	2, 3	4, 5	6, 7	8, 9
Lake	1	2, 3	4, 5	6, 7	8, 9
Vegetation type	1, 2	3, 4, 5	6, 7	8	9
Vegetation coverage	1, 2, 3	4, 5	6, 7	9	9
Net primary productivity of vegetation	1	2	3, 4, 5	6, 7	8, 9
Soil type	1, 2	3	4, 5	6, 7	8, 9
Biodiversity	1	2, 3	4	5	6

Functional partition type	Area (km²)	Proportion (%)	Number of areas	Protection objectives and control requirements
Strict protection zone	15038.93	50.70	6	The most stringent protection to maintain the authenticity and integrity of the natural process of the ecosystem, and prohibit development, construction and human activities.
Ecosystem conservation zone	6277.21	21.16	7	Strictly protect to increase wetland diversity, protect flagship species habitat, and protect wildlife activities and feeding areas. In principle, human activities shall be restricted, the mining of key wild plants shall be prohibited, and appropriate watershed ecosystem and other related research shall be carried out.
Coordinated control zone	6923.48	23.34	2	Moderately protect to control and repair grass (wet) land, curb wetland shrinkage, increase the coverage of natural wetland grassland, and control water and soil loss. Areas where long-term research and regular observation can be carried out under certain constraints on the premise of regional ecological stability.
Native community zone	131.13	0.44	18	General protection, restricted use. Optimize the industrial structure and the structure of livestock breeds and herds. Animal husbandry shall be determined by grass, seasonal rest grazing and regional rotational grazing to realize the balance between grass and livestock. Ensure the basic living needs of indigenous residents.
Research education and recreation zone	1290.25	4.35	6	General protection and moderate utilization. Carry out moderately popular science education, ecological experience, recreation and sightseeing, health care and other activities. Carry out the undertakings of "national sports" and "plateau sports". The development and construction of industrialization and urbanization are prohibited.