Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (8): 1261-1282.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1658-2
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
YANG Yu1,2, LI Xiaoyun1,2,*(), DONG Wen3, POON P H Jessie4,*(
), HONG Hui5, HE Ze1,2, LIU Yi1,2
Received:
2018-09-10
Accepted:
2018-11-01
Online:
2019-08-25
Published:
2019-12-13
Contact:
LI Xiaoyun,POON P H Jessie
E-mail:lixy.15b@igsnrr.ac.cn;jesspoon@bufflo.edu
About author:
Yang Yu (1984-), Professor, specialized in energy geography and regional studies. E-mail: yangyu@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
YANG Yu, LI Xiaoyun, DONG Wen, POON P H Jessie, HONG Hui, HE Ze, LIU Yi. Assessing China’s human-environment relationship[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(8): 1261-1282.
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Appendix 1
H-E system components and their indicators"
Main components | Indicators | Sub-indicators | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Human Activities Intensity (HAI) | Population intensity (PI) | Total population of permanent residents (P) | i. Statistical data ii. Use area as the denominator to estimate intensity |
Economic development intensity (EI) | Economic output (E) | ||
Land development intensity (LI) | Land area under construction (C) | ||
Resource Carrying Capacity (RCC) | Land area suitable for construction per capita (L(P)) | Gradient (G), Altitude (A), Area of water (Aw), Area of woodland (Awl), Area of grassland (Ag), Area of desert (Ad), Area of restricted development zones (Ar), Area of forbidden development zones (Af) | i. Intersect G and A to get alternative land, based on remote sensing data ii. Remove Aw, Awl, Ag, Ad, Ar and Af to estimate available land iii. Evaluate per capita land area |
Available water per capita (W(P)) | Surface water (Wsf), Groundwater (Wg) | i. Sum average annual Wsf and Wg to estimate available water ii. Evaluate per capita available water resources | |
Energy and mineral resources per capita (M(P)) | Available energy and mineral resource measured in industrial outputs (Ms) | i. Based on ten categories of energy and mineral resources ii. Calculate by output value to eliminate dimensional effects of various energy and mineral resources. | |
Ecological Constraints (EC) | Fragility of the ecosystem (ECOf) | Soil erosion vulnerability (SE), Stony desertification vulnerability (SD), Desertification vulnerability (D), Soil salinization vulnerability (SS) | Methodology based on references 38 & 39 |
Significance of the ecosystem (ECOs) | Importance of water conservation (WC), Importance of soil conservation (SC), Importance of wind prevention and sand fixation (WSC), Importance of biodiversity (B), Importance of special ecosystems (SE) | Methodology based on references 38 & 39 | |
Environmental capacity (ENC) | National standard for environmental performance(ENCs), Environmental quality of the areas based on the presence of typical atmospheric pollutants (ENCp) | Estimated from the difference between ECs and ECc | |
Openness of the System (SO) | Transport accessibility (T) | Road network density (RD), Grade level of trunk route (LTR), | i. D is a composite index of main transportation infrastructure (rail, highway, fairway, airport and port). Infrastructure grade and distance to trunk routes are used to estimate the road network density. ii. See references of 42&43. |
Net migration (NMP) | Migration in-flow (IMP) Migration outflow (OMP) | Statistical data |
Table 1
Human activity intensities (HAI) of major urban areas (%)"
Name of urban agglomerations | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | Level 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
West Coast of the Taiwan Strait | 0 | 46 | 30 | 12 | 12 |
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei | 33 | 30 | 9 | 20 | 9 |
Shandong Peninsula | 0 | 0 | 23 | 63 | 14 |
Yangtze River Delta | 1 | 18 | 33 | 27 | 21 |
Pearl River Delta | 2 | 48 | 23 | 9 | 18 |
Central China Plains | 3 | 25 | 24 | 40 | 7 |
Chengdu-Chongqing | 32 | 25 | 24 | 16 | 3 |
Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River | 6 | 44 | 34 | 12 | 4 |
Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos-Yulin | 68 | 28 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Central Guizhou | 29 | 61 | 7 | 3 | 0 |
Lanzhou-Xining | 66 | 33 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains | 89 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Ningxia-Yellow River | 87 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
Table 2
H-E integration: distribution of counties"
Level | Count | Total area (km2) | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Very unstrained | 42 | 666810 | 7.0 |
Relatively unstrained | 527 | 3795953 | 39.9 |
Balanced | 976 | 3671385 | 38.6 |
Highly balanced | 112 | 186130 | 1.96 |
Antagonistic balanced | 626 | 1865094 | 19.62 |
Lowly balanced | 238 | 1620161 | 17.04 |
Relatively strained | 689 | 1266533 | 13.3 |
Very strained | 153 | 106345 | 1.1 |
Total | 2387 | 9507026 | 100.0 |
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