Coastline and landscape changes in bay areas caused by human activities: A comparative analysis of Xiangshan Bay, China and Tampa Bay, USA

doi:10.1007/s11442-018-1546-1

Abstract

Abstract:

Using multitemporal Landsat TM/OLI images at a 10-year interval, in this study, we (1) extracted information of spatial location, length, and sinuosity of coastline and landscape configuration, diversity and fragmentation in the bay areas of Xiangshan Bay (XB), China and Tampa Bay (TB), USA from 1985 to 2015; (2) constructed indices of artificial coastlines and human disturbance on bay area landscapes; and (3) explored and discussed the impacts of human activities on changes of coastlines and landscape types in the two bay areas. Our analysis results demonstrate the following five points. (1) During the past 30 years, the lengths of natural coastline in XB and TB shrank, while the lengths of their artificial coastline increased first and then maintained stable. Since there were different influences of human activities on coastlines and landscape types between the two bay areas, XB experienced dramatic changes in parts of coastline geomorphologies and continuous decrease of coastline sinuosity, while, in TB, there was a little change in coastline geomorphologies and its coastline sinuosity was almost unchanged. (2) The intensity of human activities in XB was continuously enhanced from 1985 to 1995, and then the degree of enhancement had slowed down after 1995. However, in the time period, the impacted extent of human activities gradually increased and finally covered almost entire coastlines in XB. In TB area, although the intensity of human activities was enhanced, the degree of enhancement slowed down from 1985 to 2015 and the impacted areas of human activates were concentrated in several coastal city areas. (3) The average area of landscape patches strongly disturbed by human activities in both XB and TB generally showed a trend of decreasing from 1985 to 2005. However, during the period of 2005 to 2015, the average patch area of landscapes disturbed by different degrees of human activities in XB changed differently, while in TB it almost did not change. (4) From 1985 to 2005, the indices of landscape diversity in various areas of human disturbance in XB gradually increased, while in TB, changes in indices of the landscape diversity varied. From 2005 to 2015, the changes in the intensity of human disturbance in both bay areas were from weak to strong, whereas the indices of landscape diversity in XB and TB increased first and then decreased. (5) The landscape fragmentation index in different human disturbance areas in both XB and TB gradually increased from 1985 to 2005, while from 2005 to 2015, in both bay areas, the landscape fragmentation index presented a decreasing trend.

Key words: bay coastline, bay landscape, coastline and landscape change, human activities, Xiangshan Bay, Tampa Bay

Jialin LI, Yongchao LIU, Ruiliang PU, Qixiang YUAN, Xiaoli SHI, Qiandong GUO, Xiayun SONG. Coastline and landscape changes in bay areas caused by human activities: A comparative analysis of Xiangshan Bay, China and Tampa Bay, USA[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(8): 1127-1151.

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Primary type	Secondary type	Note
Natural coastline	Bedrock coastline	Land-sea boundary at bedrock coast
	Estuary coastline	Boundary between estuaries and the sea
	Biological coastline	Boundary between mangroves and tidal flats/wetlands
	Gravel coastline	Coastline of sand and gravel beach
	Mud coastline	Coastline of mud or salty mudflat
Artificial coastline	Coastline formed by aquaculture	Seaside coastline formed by aquaculture establishments on tidal flats and wetlands
	Coastline formed by construction	Seaside coastline formed by land for urban construction
	Coastline formed by protection	Coastline formed by wave protection and damp-proof purposes
	Coastline formed by recreation and leisure	Coastline used for recreation and leisure
	Coastline formed by ports and wharfs	Coastline formed by construction of ports and wharfs

Landscape type	Conditions of impact on resource and environment of the landscape	Impact factor
Land for construction	There are significant impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are irreversible	0.85
Land for aquaculture and salt field	There are considerable impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, most of which are irreversible	0.65
Land for recreation	There are slight impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, most of which are irreversible	0.55
Unutilized land	There are slight impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, most of which are irreversible	0.48
Cultivated land	There are small impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are reversible	0.25
Lakes and rivers	There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation	0.10
Forest land	There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation	0.10
Sea area	There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation	0.10
Tidal flats and wetlands	There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation	0.10

	XB, China				TB, USA
	Type	1985- 1995	1995- 2005	2005- 2015	Type	1985- 1995	1995- 2005	2005- 2015
Natural coastline	Bedrock coastline	-46.21	-10.71	-3.83	Bedrock coastline	-0.22	0.01	-0.04
	Estuary coastline	-2.74	1.71	-1.17	Biological coastline	-14.97	-20.13	-2.54
	Gravel coastline	0.14	0.05	0.41	Gravel coastline	0.27	-1.38	0.1
	Mud coastline	-15.56	-0.4	0.12	Mud coastline	0.68	-1.72	0
	Subtotal	-64.37	-9.34	-4.48	Subtotal	-14.26	-23.21	-2.49
Artificial coastline	Coastline formed by aquaculture	35.6	6.8	-5.11	Coastline formed by protection	-3.27	-0.85	0.4
	Coastline formed by construction	0.09	-0.25	4.24	Coastline formed by construction	7.01	0.92	1.62
	Coastline formed by protection	12.13	-6.5	-0.96	Coastline formed by recreation and leisure	2.53	5.54	-0.22
	Coastline formed by ports and wharfs	6.08	1.41	-0.69	Coastline formed by ports and wharfs	5.64	16.97	0.08
	Subtotal	53.91	1.45	-2.53	Subtotal	11.91	22.58	1.88
	Total	-10.46	-7.89	-7.02	Total	-2.34	-0.64	-0.61

Time	1985		1995		2005		2015
Bay	XB	TB	XB	TB	XB	TB	XB	TB
Natural coastline	4.25	7.98	4.18	8.22	4.35	8.18	4.42	8.13
Artificial coastline	3.28	4.32	3.01	4.18	2.86	4.15	2.81	4.03
Entire coastline	3.71	5.23	3.42	5.15	3.25	5.09	3.17	5.07

Name	Grade	Composition of landscape
Zone with low intensity of artificial interference	1	Composed mainly of seas, forest lands, with low impermeability, including tidal flats, wetlands and mangrove forests, etc.
Zone with medium low intensity of artificial interference	2	Composed mainly of natural landscapes, i.e., forest lands and lakes, as well as some farm lands and dispersed residences
Zone with medium intensity of artificial interference	3	Composed mainly of architectures and vegetation mixed, as well as dispersed residences and farm lands
Zone with medium high intensity of artificial interference	4	Composed mainly of dispersed residences and open spaces ready to be developed
Zone with high intensity of artificial interference	5	Composed mainly of large-size structures, with high impermeability, including factories, highly dense residences, and airports