Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (2): 183-204.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1371-y
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Quanqin SHAO(), Wei CAO, Jiangwen FAN, Huang Lin*(
), Xinliang XU
Received:
2016-03-03
Accepted:
2016-06-03
Online:
2017-04-10
Published:
2017-04-10
Contact:
Huang Lin
E-mail:shaoqq@igsnrr.ac.cn;huanglin@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Shao Quanqin (1962-), Professor, E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Huang Lin (1981-), PhD and Associate Professor, E-mail:
Supported by:
Quanqin SHAO, Wei CAO, Jiangwen FAN, Huang Lin, Xinliang XU. Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region, China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(2): 183-204.
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Table 1
Index series used for assessment of the ecological effect of the TRSR ecological projection and restoration project"
Category of index | Evaluation index | |
---|---|---|
First class indexes | Second class indexes | |
Ecosystem macrostructure | Ecosystem macrostructure | Ecosystem classification area, rate of change, dynamic degree |
Ecosystem macroscopic structural change index | ||
Ecosystem quality | Grassland degradation and recovery | Grassland degradation and recovery classification area, proportion of degraded grassland and recovered grassland, grassland degradation change index |
Vegetation status | Vegetation biomass, vegetation coverage, net primary productivity (NPP), vegetation change condition index | |
Macro-ecological situation | Land cover status index, land cover conversion index | |
Plant species diversity | Species richness, species importance value, diversity index, evenness index | |
Environmental quality | Surface water quality index, soil environmental quality index, air quality index | |
Upper limit of permafrost depth | ||
Ecosystem quality change index | ||
Ecosystem services | Water regulation | River runoff in dry season, water regulation volumes, water regulation service retention, river runoff in summer flood season, runoff adjustment coefficient |
Soil conservation | Sediment concentration, soil erosion, soil retention, soil conservation service | |
Forage supply | Grassland yield, grassland theoretical stock-carrying capacity | |
Water supply | River runoff, lake area, lake volume, glacier area, ground water resources | |
Ecosystem services change index | ||
Ecosystem change factors | Climate change | Temperature, precipitation, wet coefficient |
Human activities | Ecological project, grazing pressure index | |
Contributions influenced by ecological project and climate change | Ecosystem project changes influence index | |
Contributions to NPP change, water regulation service, soil conservation service, sand fixing service influenced by ecological project | ||
Contributions to NPP change, water regulation service, soil conservation service, sand fixing service influenced by climate change |
Table 2
Changes in ecosystem area (km2) inside, and outside the nature reserves before and after project implementation"
Period | Regions | Cropland | Forest | Grassland | Wetland | Desert | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990-2004 (before the project) | Nature reserves | -3.22 | -12.8 | -362.4 | -10.8 | +387.6 | +1.6 |
Outside nature reserves | +1.32 | -0.7 | -83.4 | -14.7 | +43.8 | +53.6 | |
2004-2012 (after the project) | Nature reserves | Unchanged | +12.1 | +135.2 | +104.9 | -192.1 | -60.1 |
Outside nature reserves | +7.84 | +3.3 | -11.4 | +181.1 | -300.5 | +119.7 | |
Comparison after and before the project | Nature reserves | Reduced at first then unchanged | Reduced at first then increased | Reduced at first then increased | Reduced at first then increased | Increased at first then reduced | Increased at first then reduced |
Outside nature reserves | Continuously increased | Reduced first then increased | Continuously reduced | Reduced at first then increased | Increased at first then reduced | Continuously increased | |
Comparison of inside and outside | Inside is better than outside | Inside is better than outside | Inside is better than outside | Inside is better than outside | Inside is better than outside | Inside is better than outside |
Table 3
Restoration areas of grassland, 2004-2012"
Region | Degraded grassland, 1990-2004 | Obviously improved grassland, 2005-2012 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Proportion of degraded grassland in entire area (%) | Area (km2) | Proportion of degraded grassland in each area (%) | |
Nature reserves | 43490.67 | 49.4 | 3173.00 | 7.30 |
Outside nature reserves | 44591.40 | 50.6 | 2252.81 | 5.05 |
The TRSR | 88082.07 | 100 | 5425.81 | 6.16 |
Table 4
Comparisons of vegetation coverage and NPP inside, and outside, nature reserves before, and after, project implementation"
Period | Region | Vegetation coverage (%) | NPP (g C/m2) |
---|---|---|---|
1997-2004 | Nature reserves | 47.15 | 246.86 |
Outside nature reserves | 41.58 | 200.84 | |
Difference between inside and outside | 5.57 | 46.02 | |
2005-2012 | Nature reserves | 50.34 | 306.23 |
Outside nature reserves | 44.15 | 247.37 | |
Difference between inside and outside | 6.19 | 58.86 | |
Difference between former and latter periods | Nature reserves | 3.19 | 59.37 |
Outside nature reserves | 2.57 | 46.53 | |
Difference between inside and outside | 0.62 | 12.84 |
Table 5
Evaluation indexes for 1997-2004 and 2005-2012 under real, and average, climate conditions"
Evaluation index | Difference between 1997-2004 and 2005-2012 | Contribution rate of ecological project | Contribution rate of climate change | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Real climate conditions | Average climate conditions | |||
NPP (g C/m2/yr) | 21.79 | 13.49 | 61.9% | 38.1% |
Water conservation (108 m3/yr) | 22.22 | 5.34 | 24% | 76% |
Soil water erosion (t/yr) | 2000 | -1600 | -80% | 180% |
Table 6
Variations in annual runoff at the major control hydrological stations in the Yangtze and Yellow river basins (108 m3)"
Period | Yellow River Basin | Yangtze River Basin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tangnahai station | Jimai station | Zhimenda station | Tuotuohe station (data from May to October) | |
1975-1980 | 221.21 | 46.26 | 115.85 | 4.85 |
1975-1990 | 236.10 | 47.90 | 131.37 | 6.14 |
1975-2004 | 200.65 | 39.87 | 124.29 | 7.52 |
1975-2011 | 201.40 | 41.90 | 132.40 | 9.10 |
1991-2004 | 165.20 | 31.26 | 116.20 | 9.11 |
1997-2004 | 161.00 | 30.20 | 122.10 | 11.70 |
2004-2011 | 197.90 | 47.30 | 161.30 | 13.10 |
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