Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (8): 1127-1151.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1546-1
• 研究论文 • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jialin LI1,2(), Yongchao LIU1,3,4, Ruiliang PU5, Qixiang YUAN6, Xiaoli SHI7, Qiandong GUO5, Xiayun SONG8
Received:
2017-06-17
Accepted:
2017-08-10
Online:
2018-08-10
Published:
2018-08-10
About author:
Author: Li Jialin (1973-), PhD and Professor, specialized in physical geography and coastal geomorphology. E-mail:
Supported by:
Jialin LI, Yongchao LIU, Ruiliang PU, Qixiang YUAN, Xiaoli SHI, Qiandong GUO, Xiayun SONG. Coastline and landscape changes in bay areas caused by human activities: A comparative analysis of Xiangshan Bay, China and Tampa Bay, USA[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(8): 1127-1151.
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Table 1
A summary of coastline classification system in this study"
Primary type | Secondary type | Note |
---|---|---|
Natural coastline | Bedrock coastline | Land-sea boundary at bedrock coast |
Estuary coastline | Boundary between estuaries and the sea | |
Biological coastline | Boundary between mangroves and tidal flats/wetlands | |
Gravel coastline | Coastline of sand and gravel beach | |
Mud coastline | Coastline of mud or salty mudflat | |
Artificial coastline | Coastline formed by aquaculture | Seaside coastline formed by aquaculture establishments on tidal flats and wetlands |
Coastline formed by construction | Seaside coastline formed by land for urban construction | |
Coastline formed by protection | Coastline formed by wave protection and damp-proof purposes | |
Coastline formed by recreation and leisure | Coastline used for recreation and leisure | |
Coastline formed by ports and wharfs | Coastline formed by construction of ports and wharfs |
Table 2
Impact factors of landscape resources and environments in XB and TB areas"
Landscape type | Conditions of impact on resource and environment of the landscape | Impact factor |
---|---|---|
Land for construction | There are significant impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are irreversible | 0.85 |
Land for aquaculture and salt field | There are considerable impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, most of which are irreversible | 0.65 |
Land for recreation | There are slight impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, most of which are irreversible | 0.55 |
Unutilized land | There are slight impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, most of which are irreversible | 0.48 |
Cultivated land | There are small impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are reversible | 0.25 |
Lakes and rivers | There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation | 0.10 |
Forest land | There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation | 0.10 |
Sea area | There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation | 0.10 |
Tidal flats and wetlands | There are minor impacts on landscape resources and eco-environment of bays, some of which are capable of ecological conservation and regulation | 0.10 |
Table 3
Changes in length of various coastline types during different periods in XB and TB from 1985 to 2015 (km)"
XB, China | TB, USA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | 1985- 1995 | 1995- 2005 | 2005- 2015 | Type | 1985- 1995 | 1995- 2005 | 2005- 2015 | |
Natural coastline | Bedrock coastline | -46.21 | -10.71 | -3.83 | Bedrock coastline | -0.22 | 0.01 | -0.04 |
Estuary coastline | -2.74 | 1.71 | -1.17 | Biological coastline | -14.97 | -20.13 | -2.54 | |
Gravel coastline | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.41 | Gravel coastline | 0.27 | -1.38 | 0.1 | |
Mud coastline | -15.56 | -0.4 | 0.12 | Mud coastline | 0.68 | -1.72 | 0 | |
Subtotal | -64.37 | -9.34 | -4.48 | Subtotal | -14.26 | -23.21 | -2.49 | |
Artificial coastline | Coastline formed by aquaculture | 35.6 | 6.8 | -5.11 | Coastline formed by protection | -3.27 | -0.85 | 0.4 |
Coastline formed by construction | 0.09 | -0.25 | 4.24 | Coastline formed by construction | 7.01 | 0.92 | 1.62 | |
Coastline formed by protection | 12.13 | -6.5 | -0.96 | Coastline formed by recreation and leisure | 2.53 | 5.54 | -0.22 | |
Coastline formed by ports and wharfs | 6.08 | 1.41 | -0.69 | Coastline formed by ports and wharfs | 5.64 | 16.97 | 0.08 | |
Subtotal | 53.91 | 1.45 | -2.53 | Subtotal | 11.91 | 22.58 | 1.88 | |
Total | -10.46 | -7.89 | -7.02 | Total | -2.34 | -0.64 | -0.61 |
Table 4
Changes in sinuosity of different coastline types in different years in XB and TB (10?3?m?1)"
Time | 1985 | 1995 | 2005 | 2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bay | XB | TB | XB | TB | XB | TB | XB | TB |
Natural coastline | 4.25 | 7.98 | 4.18 | 8.22 | 4.35 | 8.18 | 4.42 | 8.13 |
Artificial coastline | 3.28 | 4.32 | 3.01 | 4.18 | 2.86 | 4.15 | 2.81 | 4.03 |
Entire coastline | 3.71 | 5.23 | 3.42 | 5.15 | 3.25 | 5.09 | 3.17 | 5.07 |
Table 5
Intensity divisions of human-disturbed landscapes and their internal main composition"
Name | Grade | Composition of landscape |
---|---|---|
Zone with low intensity of artificial interference | 1 | Composed mainly of seas, forest lands, with low impermeability, including tidal flats, wetlands and mangrove forests, etc. |
Zone with medium low intensity of artificial interference | 2 | Composed mainly of natural landscapes, i.e., forest lands and lakes, as well as some farm lands and dispersed residences |
Zone with medium intensity of artificial interference | 3 | Composed mainly of architectures and vegetation mixed, as well as dispersed residences and farm lands |
Zone with medium high intensity of artificial interference | 4 | Composed mainly of dispersed residences and open spaces ready to be developed |
Zone with high intensity of artificial interference | 5 | Composed mainly of large-size structures, with high impermeability, including factories, highly dense residences, and airports |
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