Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (12): 1450-1462.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1446-9
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Chao BAO1,2,3(), Xiaojie CHEN1,2,3,4
Received:
2017-03-04
Accepted:
2017-06-13
Online:
2017-12-10
Published:
2017-12-10
About author:
Author: Bao Chao (1978-), PhD and Associate Professor, specialized in urbanization and urban sustainable development. E-mail:
Supported by:
Chao BAO, Xiaojie CHEN. Spatial econometric analysis on influencing factors of water consumption efficiency in urbanizing China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(12): 1450-1462.
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Table 1
The description or calculation of variables used in the present study"
Variable | Description or calculation |
---|---|
Water consumption efficiency | Total water consumption / GDP |
Per capita water resources | Total water resources / Total population |
Utilization ratio of water resources | Total water consumption / Total water resources |
Per capita GDP | GDP / Total population |
Urbanization level | Urban population / Total population |
Ratio of value added of the tertiary industry in GDP | Value added of the tertiary industry / GDP |
Per capita total investment in fixed assets | Total investment in fixed assets / Total population |
Per capita social retail sales of consumer goods | Social retail sales of consumer goods / Total population |
Urban per capita disposable income | National sample survey data |
Rural per capita net income | National sample survey data |
Per capita grain yield | Total grain yield / Total population |
Table 2
Results of general panel data regression model for water consumption efficiency in China"
Variable | Regression coefficient | t |
---|---|---|
Intercept term | 6934.39 | 5.85(0.0000)*** |
Per capita water resources | 0.02 | 4.69(0.0000)*** |
Utilization ratio of water resources | 0.86 | 5.01(0.0000)*** |
Per capita GDP | 257.05 | 1.37(0.1698) |
Urbanization level | -605.77 | -2.52(0.0119)** |
Ratio of value added of the tertiary industry in GDP | -2.68 | -0.63(0.5316) |
Per capita total investment in fixed assets | -183.01 | -2.62(0.0090)*** |
Per capita social retail sales of consumer goods | 199.55 | 2.21(0.0273)** |
Urban per capita disposable income | -712.97 | -3.79(0.0002)*** |
Rural per capita net income | 46.32 | 0.29(0.7709) |
Per capita grain yield | -108.18 | -1.41(0.1606) |
Table 3
Results of LM test with different spatial-specific and time-specific effects in China"
Item | Time and spatial random effects | Time random and spatial fixed effects | Spatial random and time fixed effects | Time and spatial fixed effects |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial lag effect LM test | 41.11 (0.000)*** | 71.73 (0.000)*** | 30.43 (0.000)*** | 16.33 (0.000)*** |
Spatial lag effect Robustness LM test | 13.98 (0.000)*** | 33.8 (0.000)*** | 10.29 (0.001)*** | 27.74 (0.000)*** |
Spatial error effect LM test | 27.38 (0.000)*** | 50.19 (0.000)*** | 20.48 (0.000)*** | 6.23 (0.013)** |
Spatial error effect Robustness LM test | 0.24 (0.621) | 12.26 (0.000)*** | 0.34 (0.560) | 17.65 (0.000)*** |
Table 4
Results of spatial Dubin model with time random and spatial fixed effects in China"
Variable | Regression coefficient | Lag term coefficient | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | θ | t | |
Spatial regression coefficient λ | 0.34 | 6.20 (0.0000)*** | - | - |
Per capita water resources | 0.01 | 3.35 (0.0008) *** | 0.01 | 0.81 (0.4152) |
Utilization ratio of water resources | 1.00 | 6.10 (0.0000) *** | -1.65 | -4.26 (0.0000) *** |
Per capita GDP | -456.17 | -2.48 (0.0132) ** | -2044.96 | -5.75 (0.0000) *** |
Urbanization level | -186.48 | -0.75 (0.0045) *** | -976.51 | -1.94 (0.0520) * |
Ratio of value added of tertiary industry in GDP | -4.23 | -1.01 (0.3114) | -24.1 | -2.49 (0.0130) ** |
Per capita total investment in fixed assets | -115.88 | -1.77 (0.0772)* | 19.9 | 0.15 (0.8793) |
Per capita social retail sales of consumer goods | -255.41 | -3.05 (0.0023) *** | 79.76 | 0.46 (0.6488) |
Urban per capita disposable income | -45.23 | -0.17 (0.8640) | 467.9 | 1.20 (0.2311) |
Rural per capita net income | -117.76 | -0.50 (0.6171) | 1479.13 | 4.31 (0.0000) *** |
Per capita grain yield | -106.05 | -1.25 (0.2104) | -431.69 | -2.61 (0.0090) *** |
Table 5
Direct and indirect effects of different influencing factors on China’s water consumption efficiency"
Variable | Direct effects | Indirect effects | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | t | Coefficient | t | |
Per capita water resources | 0.02 | 3.41 (0.0018)*** | 0.02 | 1.34 (0.1897) |
Utilization ratio of water resources | 1.23 | 5.41 (0.0000)*** | -1.87 | -3.32 (0.0023)*** |
Per capita GDP | -692.34 | -1.56 (0.0012)*** | -2701.77 | -5.01 (0.0000)*** |
Urbanization level | -192.87 | -1.08 (0.0028)*** | -1513.65 | -2.17 (0.0374)** |
Ratio of value added of the tertiary industry in GDP | -12.12 | -0.58 (0.5657) | -32.03 | -2.19 (0.0362)** |
Per capita total investment in fixed assets | -24.49 | -1.67 (0.1042) | -25.68 | -0.13 (0.8938) |
Per capita social retail sales of consumer goods | -432.92 | -3.1 (0.0041)*** | -242.73 | -0.98 (0.3358) |
Urban per capita disposable income | -488.69 | -0.09 (0.9266) | -656.44 | 1.28 (0.2092) |
Rural per capita net income | 448.58 | 0.02 (0.9863) | 2052.82 | 4.81 (0.0000)*** |
Per capita grain yield | 6.82 | 1.83 (0.0768)* | -679.06 | -3.03 (0.0050)*** |
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