Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2022, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (3): 377-400.doi: 10.1007/s11442-022-1952-2
• Research Articles • Next Articles
Received:
2021-11-30
Accepted:
2022-01-10
Online:
2022-03-25
Published:
2022-03-07
About author:
Yang Yu (1984-), Professor, specialized in energy geography and regional studies. E-mail: yangyu@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
YANG Yu. Energy globalization of China: Trade, investment, and embedded energy flows[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2022, 32(3): 377-400.
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Table 1
Weighted-in degree of the top ten countries in crude oil and gas trade in 1995, 2005, and 2015
1995 | 2005 | 2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Country | Weighted-in degree | Country | Weighted-in degree | Country | Weighted-in degree |
1 | USA | 36.97 | USA | 70.75 | China | 38.95 |
2 | Japan | 27.61 | Japan | 28.11 | USA | 37.98 |
3 | France | 10.52 | France | 14.40 | India | 22.28 |
4 | Germany | 10.05 | South Korea | 14.12 | South Korea | 17.53 |
5 | South Korea | 9.22 | China | 12.67 | Japan | 16.85 |
6 | Italy | 7.23 | Germany | 11.46 | Italy | 11.28 |
7 | Netherland | 6.36 | Belgium | 9.76 | Spain | 9.12 |
8 | Spain | 5.79 | Italy | 8.90 | Germany | 9.05 |
9 | Singapore | 5.12 | Spain | 8.68 | France | 8.45 |
10 | United Kingdom | 4.16 | Canada | 8.13 | Netherland | 7.92 |
19 | China | 0.17 |
Table 2
Top ten countries exporting oil and gas to China in 1995, 2005, and 2015 (Mtoe)
1995 | 2005 | 2015 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Country | Import | Ratio (%) | Country | Import | Ratio (%) | Country | Import | Ratio (%) |
1 | Indonesia | 5.28 | 30.86 | Saudi Arabia | 22.18 | 17.49 | Saudi Arabia | 50.54 | 12.97 |
2 | Oman | 3.65 | 21.36 | Angola | 17.46 | 13.77 | Russia | 42.67 | 10.95 |
3 | Yemen | 2.47 | 14.46 | Iran | 14.27 | 11.25 | Angola | 38.71 | 9.93 |
4 | Angola | 1.00 | 5.84 | Russia | 12.78 | 10.08 | Oman | 32.15 | 8.25 |
5 | Iran | 0.93 | 5.44 | Oman | 10.83 | 8.54 | Iraq | 32.11 | 8.24 |
6 | Vietnam | 0.76 | 4.45 | Yemen | 6.84 | 5.39 | Iran | 26.62 | 6.83 |
7 | Malaysia | 0.59 | 3.44 | Sudan | 6.62 | 5.22 | Turkmenistan | 24.89 | 6.39 |
8 | Nigeria | 0.39 | 2.28 | Congo | 5.53 | 4.36 | Venezuela | 16.01 | 4.11 |
9 | UAE | 0.37 | 2.15 | Indonesia | 4.09 | 3.22 | Kuwait | 14.43 | 3.70 |
10 | Saudi Arabia | 0.35 | 2.03 | Ecuador | 3.71 | 2.92 | Brazil | 13.92 | 3.57 |
Table 3
Weighted-out degree of the top ten countries/regions in photovoltaic trade in 1995, 2005, and 2015
1995 | 2005 | 2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Country | Weighted-out degree | Country | Weighted-out degree | Country | Weighted-out degree |
1 | Japan | 8.12 | China | 59.96 | China | 197.87 |
2 | America | 3.47 | Japan | 53.06 | Malaysia | 63.37 |
3 | Malaysia | 3.20 | Germany | 26.12 | Japan | 52.33 |
4 | Germany | 2.13 | America | 13.54 | South Korea | 35.23 |
5 | Philippines | 1.62 | Malaysia | 13.08 | Germany | 25.18 |
6 | China | 1.03 | Philippines | 6.40 | America | 15.10 |
7 | South Korea | 0.99 | United Kingdom | 5.82 | Philippines | 12.12 |
8 | China Hong Kong | 0.98 | South Korea | 4.60 | Singapore | 12.09 |
9 | United Kingdom | 0.84 | Thailand | 4.26 | Mexico | 11.14 |
10 | Canada | 0.73 | Netherlands | 3.51 | Thailand | 7.78 |
Table 4
Top ten countries/regions exporting photovoltaic devices to China in 1995, 2005, and 2015 (million USD)
1995 | 2005 | 2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Country/Region | Export | Country/Region | Export | Country/Region | Export |
1 | China Hong Kong | 56.70 | Germany | 1666.43 | Japan | 3937.11 |
2 | South Korea | 11.60 | Spain | 1279.86 | America | 2429.37 |
3 | Germany | 8.47 | China Hong Kong | 660.07 | China Hong Kong | 1944.98 |
4 | America | 8.21 | America | 395.98 | India | 1607.93 |
5 | Japan | 7.52 | South Korea | 346.22 | South Korea | 1261.74 |
6 | Italy | 2.60 | Japan | 325.18 | United Kingdom | 789.91 |
7 | Singapore | 2.12 | Italy | 221.75 | Germany | 505.99 |
8 | France | 1.40 | Belgium | 182.75 | Pakistan | 434.86 |
9 | Canada | 1.09 | Singapore | 59.35 | Australia | 408.73 |
10 | Spain | 0.59 | France | 48.17 | Mexico | 406.71 |
Table 5
Top ten countries of China’s embodied energy export in 1995, 2005 and 2015 (Mtoe)
No. | 1995 | 2005 | 2015 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Export | Country | Export | Country | Export | |
1 | America | 11.90 | America | 35.30 | America | 30.90 |
2 | Japan | 11.00 | Japan | 17.20 | Japan | 15.30 |
3 | Germany | 2.55 | Germany | 5.18 | Germany | 5.47 |
4 | United Kingdom | 1.52 | United Kingdom | 4.37 | United Kingdom | 4.85 |
5 | Australia | 1.50 | South Korea | 2.88 | South Korea | 4.78 |
6 | South Korea | 1.16 | France | 2.70 | Australia | 3.38 |
7 | France | 1.12 | Australia | 2.42 | Canada | 3.09 |
8 | Canada | 0.80 | Canada | 2.39 | France | 2.66 |
9 | Thailand | 0.64 | Spain | 1.75 | India | 1.99 |
10 | Italy | 0.62 | Italy | 1.69 | Italy | 1.70 |
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