Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2022, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 177-192.doi: 10.1007/s11442-022-1941-5
PAN Xumei1,2(), YANG Zhaoping1,2, HAN Fang1,2(
)
Received:
2020-11-06
Accepted:
2021-08-10
Online:
2022-01-25
Published:
2022-03-25
Contact:
HAN Fang
E-mail:panxumei15@mails.ucas.ac.cn;hanfang@ms.xjb.ac.cn
About author:
Pan Xumei (1991-), PhD, specialized in tourism geography, tourism development and protection. E-mail: panxumei15@mails.ucas.ac.cn
Supported by:
PAN Xumei, YANG Zhaoping, HAN Fang. Exploring the historical evolution of tourism-environment interaction in protected area: A case study of Mt. Bogda[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2022, 32(1): 177-192.
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Table 1
Evaluation indicators system of coupling coordination between tourism and the environment
Subsystem | First-class index | Second-class index | Weight | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tourism T(x) | Tourism scale | Number of maximum daily tourists (x1, +) | 0.159 | Reflecting the scale of tourism |
Developed tourism attractions (x2, +) | 0.164 | Reflecting the intensity of tourists’ activities | ||
Road density (x3, +) | 0.103 | Reflecting the activity area for tourists | ||
Floor area ratio (x4, +) | 0.127 | Reflecting the scale of tourism facilities | ||
Expansion intensity index (x5, +) | 0.061 | Reflecting the expansion intensity of tourism lands at different stages | ||
Tourism income | Tourism income from tickets (x6, +) | 0.156 | Reflecting the level of funds available for environmental protection in the protected area | |
Total tourism incomes except ticket (x7, +) | 0.230 | Reflecting the economic benefit of locals for tourism industry | ||
Environment E(y) | Pressure | Air pollution index (y1, -) | 0.054 | Reflecting the pollution pressure from harmful gas emissions |
Water pollution index (y2, -) | 0.168 | Reflecting the pollution pressure from water pollutants discharge | ||
State | Infrastructure fragmentation index (y3, -) | 0.109 | Reflecting the fragmented degree of ecosystem at a certain period of time | |
Shannon-Wiener index (y4, +) | 0.110 | Reflecting the landscape diversity degree of ecosystem at a certain period of time | ||
Contagion (y5, +) | 0.092 | Reflecting the stability degree of ecosystem at a certain period of time | ||
Aggregation index (y6, +) | 0.148 | Reflecting the primitive and nature degree of ecosystem at a certain period of time | ||
Response | Natural disasters (y7, -) | 0.184 | Reflecting the occurrence of debris flow, flood, collapse, and landslide disasters | |
Area of lake shrinkage (y8, -) | 0.136 | Reflecting the interference degree of the lakes |
Table 2
The classification standard of coupling coordination types
Class | Subclass | Coupling coordination degree (D) |
---|---|---|
Balanced development | Superiorly balanced development | 0.8<D≤1 |
Favorably balanced development | 0.6<D≤0.8 | |
Transitional development | Barely balanced development | 0.5<D≤0.6 |
Slightly unbalanced development | 0.4<D≤0.5 | |
Unbalanced development | Moderately unbalanced development | 0.2<D≤0.4 |
Seriously unbalanced development | 0<D≤0.2 |
Table 3
Information about remote sensing images used in this study
Year | Date | Path/Row | Sensor | Cloud cover (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | - | 45/40 | Landsat Global Synthesis data | - |
2003 | 2003-08-10 | 142/29 | Landsat 5 TM | 0.01 |
2003-08-10 | 142/30 | Landsat 5 TM | 0.37 | |
2009 | 2009-08-18 | 142/29 | Landsat 7 ETN + SLC-off | 8.44 |
2009-08-18 | 142/30 | Landsat 7 ETN + SLC-off | 13.57 | |
2013 | 2013-07-04 | 142/29 | Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS | 1.07 |
2013-07-04 | 142/30 | Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS | 6.29 | |
2018 | 2018-09-04 | 142/29 | Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS | 1.34 |
2018-09-04 | 142/30 | Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS | 3.51 |
Table 4
The list of data sources
Data | Data sources |
---|---|
Xinjiang administrative map, Bogda boundary, traffic and river system vector data | Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of Geographic Information |
Tourist data, tourism income, tourism attractions, added or demolished construction area of Tianchi | Xinjiang Cultural Tourism Bureau |
Air condition and water quality | Changji Environmental Protection Department |
Digital elevation data (DEM) | Geospatial Data Cloud |
China land use/land cover data | Resource and Environment Data Cloud Platform |
Historic remote sensing maps | Google Earth |
Table 5
The distribution of construction lands in the core area and the buffer zone of Bogda
Phases | Area of tourism construction lands | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Core area (m2) | Ratio (%) | Buffer zone (m2) | Ratio (%) | |
1990 | 289,888 | 75.61 | 93,512 | 24.39 |
2003 | 363,496 | 14.80 | 2,092,631 | 85.20 |
2009 | 59,907 | 3.53 | 1,636,593 | 96.47 |
2013 | 38,381 | 3.36 | 1,104,619 | 96.64 |
2018 | 61,876 | 3.17 | 1,891,124 | 96.83 |
Table 6
The formation of construction lands from 1990 to 2018
Periods | Core area (m2) | Buffer zone (m2) | Total expansion area (m2) | Annual increasing rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
P1 (1990-2003) | 98,008 | 1,929,600 | 2,028,408 | 41.59 |
P2 (2003-2009) | -303,589 | -456,038 | -759,600 | -5.155 |
P3 (2009-2013) | -21,526 | -531,974 | -553,500 | -8.156 |
P4 (2013-2018) | 23,495 | 786,505 | 810,000 | 14.17 |
Historical (1990-2018) | -228,012 | 1,797,612 | 1,569,600 | 14.62 |
Table 7
Tourism-environment interaction changes
Timeline | Tourists’ activities | Development intensity | Cognition of land | Coupling coordination |
---|---|---|---|---|
Before 1990 | Agriculture, grazing, scientific investigation, adventure tourism | Low | Primitive adapters of land | Original balanced |
1990-2003 | Agriculture, grazing, sightseeing, recreational, adventure tourism, and tourism catering | High | Actively transformer of land | Development exceeds environment (barely balanced) |
2003-2013 | Agriculture, grazing, sightseeing, recreational, adventure tourism, and tourism commerce | Low | Land was not a generous giver and gave ecological constraints. | Exploring a balanced relationship |
2013-2018 | Agriculture, grazing, eco-tourism, wellness tourism, skiing tourism, and tourism commerce | Middle | Value the environmental carrying capacity | Superiorly balanced |
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[1] | Jiyuan LIU, Quanqin SHAO, Xiaodong YAN, Jiangwen FAN, Jinyan ZHAN, Xiangzheng DENG, Wenhui KUANG, Lin *HUANG. The climatic impacts of land use and land cover change compared among countries [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(7): 889-903. |
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