Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2021, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 518-534.doi: 10.1007/s11442-021-1856-6
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
HUANG Lin1, NING Jia1, ZHU Ping1,3, ZHENG Yuhan1,3, ZHAI Jun2
Received:
2020-11-05
Accepted:
2021-02-25
Online:
2021-04-25
Published:
2021-06-25
About author:
Huang Lin (1981‒), Associate Professor, specialized in land use change and its ecological effects. E-mail: huanglin@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
HUANG Lin, NING Jia, ZHU Ping, ZHENG Yuhan, ZHAI Jun. The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(4): 518-534.
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Table 1
Classification types of grassland degradation and restoration according to changes in vegetation coverage in North China"
Grassland types | Vegetation coverage change | Degradation and restoration types | Grassland types | Vegetation coverage change | Degradation and restoration types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperate grassland | Decreased by 10%‒20% | Slight degradation | Alpine grassland | Decreased by 10%‒20% | Slight degradation |
Decreased by 20%‒40% | Moderate degradation | Decreased by 20%‒30% | Moderate degradation | ||
Decreased by more than 40% | Severe degradation | Decreased by more than 30% | Severe degradation | ||
Increased by 10%‒20% | Slight restoration | Increased by 10%‒20% | Slight restoration | ||
Increased by 20%‒40% | Obvious restoration | Increased by 20%‒30% | Obvious restoration | ||
Increased by more than 40% | Extremely significant improvement | Increased by more than 30% | Extremely significant improvement | ||
Temperate meadow | Decreased by 10%‒20% | Slight degradation | Alpine meadow | Decreased by 10%‒20% | Slight degradation |
Decreased by 20%‒30% | Moderate degradation | Decreased by 20%‒40% | Moderate degradation | ||
Decreased by more than 30% | Severe degradation | Decreased by more than 40% | Severe degradation | ||
Increased by 10%‒20% | Slight restoration | Increased by 10%‒20% | Slight restoration | ||
Increased by 20%‒30% | Obvious restoration | Increased by 20%‒40% | Obvious restoration | ||
Increased by more than 30% | Extremely significant improvement | Increased by more than 40% | Extremely significant improvement | ||
Temperate desert | Decreased by 5%‒15% | Slight degradation | Alpine desert | Decreased by 5%‒10% | Slight degradation |
Decreased by 15%‒40% | Moderate degradation | Decreased by 10%‒20% | Moderate degradation | ||
Decreased by more than 40% | Severe degradation | Decreased by more than 20% | Severe degradation | ||
Increased by 5%‒15% | Slight restoration | Increased by 5%‒10% | Slight restoration | ||
Increased by 15%‒40% | Obvious restoration | Increased by 10%‒20% | Obvious restoration | ||
Increased by more than 40% | Extremely significant improvement | Increased by more than 20% | Extremely significant improvement |
Table 2
Statistics of grassland cover changes in North China from 2000 to 2015 (km2)"
Grassland cover changes | Region | Forest | Cropland | Wetland | Desert | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From other ecosystems converted to grassland | Tibet | 12.16 | 0.66 | 3.23 | 1.81 | 0 |
Xinjiang | 221.43 | 562.63 | 755.57 | 706.52 | 7.41 | |
Inner Mongolia | 693.09 | 1733.76 | 682.47 | 3668.45 | 63.07 | |
Qinghai | 20.78 | 77.02 | 16.35 | 304.43 | 2.14 | |
Gansu | 75.79 | 891.26 | 56.38 | 400.42 | 4.95 | |
Total | 1023.25 | 3265.33 | 1514 | 5081.63 | 77.57 | |
From grassland converted to other ecosystems | Tibet | 2.67 | 7.8 | 615.29 | 226.4 | 49.29 |
Xinjiang | 115.44 | 11459.14 | 733.74 | 190.90 | 545.71 | |
Inner Mongolia | 1816.39 | 2924.24 | 633.75 | 3122.95 | 1840.80 | |
Qinghai | 5.63 | 149.51 | 429.12 | 842.29 | 245.63 | |
Gansu | 380.03 | 627.20 | 47.68 | 138.77 | 163.94 | |
Total | 2320.16 | 15167.89 | 2459.58 | 4521.31 | 2845.37 |
Table 3
Statistics of grassland vegetation coverage changes in North China from 2000 to 2015"
Grassland types | North China | Tibet | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (%) | Mean change (%) | Annual trend (%/a) | Mean (%) | Mean change (%) | Annual trend (%/a) | |
Alpine grassland | 18.97 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 15.38 | -0.21 | -0.06 |
Alpine meadow | 53.35 | -0.32 | -0.06 | 45.86 | -0.58 | -0.13 |
Alpine desert | 7.68 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 6.34 | 0.29 | 0.05 |
Temperate grassland | 43.62 | 1.59 | 0.28 | 36.78 | -1.16 | -0.24 |
Temperate meadow | 75.88 | -0.99 | -0.19 | 67.58 | -1.31 | -0.23 |
Temperate desert | 9.41 | 0.52 | 0.10 | 6.03 | -0.34 | -0.06 |
Total | 9.40 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 28.50 | -0.37 | -0.09 |
Grassland types | Inner Mongolia | Xinjiang | ||||
Mean (%) | Mean change (%) | Annual trend (%/a) | Mean (%) | Mean change (%) | Annual trend (%/a) | |
Alpine grassland | 14.69 | 0.35 | 0.11 | 25.77 | -0.09 | -0.04 |
Alpine meadow | 53.27 | 1.74 | 0.35 | 51.60 | -0.76 | -0.17 |
Alpine desert | - | - | - | 5.41 | 0.38 | 0.07 |
Temperate grassland | 45.03 | 2.13 | 0.36 | 43.71 | -1.19 | -0.22 |
Temperate meadow | 85.27 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 76.41 | -2.82 | -0.55 |
Temperate desert | 4.68 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 13.70 | 0.67 | 0.13 |
Total | 29.41 | 1.33 | 0.23 | 28.17 | -0.11 | -0.02 |
Grassland types | Gansu | Qinghai | ||||
Mean (%) | Mean change (%) | Annual trend (%/a) | Mean (%) | Mean change (%) | Annual trend (%/a) | |
Alpine grassland | 17.05 | 1.19 | 0.24 | 29.45 | 1.14 | 0.24 |
Alpine meadow | 75.32 | -0.05 | 0.00 | 59.85 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Alpine desert | 16.67 | 0.93 | 0.20 | 16.75 | 0.49 | 0.10 |
Temperate grassland | 40.94 | 3.34 | 0.67 | 37.48 | 2.03 | 0.42 |
Temperate meadow | 80.17 | 0.77 | 0.15 | 65.60 | 0.66 | 0.16 |
Temperate desert | 7.29 | 0.75 | 0.13 | 9.58 | 0.77 | 0.16 |
Total | 35.07 | 1.19 | 0.23 | 35.07 | 1.19 | 0.23 |
Table 4
Statistics of grassland degradation and restoration in North China"
Types of grassland degradation and restoration | North China | Tibet | Inner Mongolia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | Proportion (%) | Area (km2) | Proportion (%) | Area (km2) | Proportion (%) | |
Severe degradation | 444 | 0.02 | 302 | 0.03 | 47 | 0.01 |
Moderate degradation | 5820 | 0.21 | 3315 | 0.38 | 1454 | 0.18 |
Slight degradation | 177093 | 6.51 | 67514 | 7.65 | 66023 | 8.38 |
Total degradation | 183357 | 6.74 | 71131 | 8.06 | 67524 | 8.57 |
Slight restoration | 119270 | 4.38 | 15625 | 1.77 | 32784 | 4.16 |
Obvious restoration | 21471 | 0.79 | 3266 | 0.37 | 2080 | 0.26 |
Extremely significant improvement | 4879 | 0.18 | 629 | 0.07 | 170 | 0.02 |
Total restoration | 145620 | 5.35 | 19520 | 2.21 | 35034 | 4.45 |
Types of grassland degradation and restoration | Xinjiang | Gansu | Qinghai | |||
Area (km2) | Proportion (%) | Area (km2) | Proportion (%) | Area (km2) | Proportion (%) | |
Severe degradation | 71 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 24 | 0.01 |
Moderate degradation | 703 | 0.14 | 94 | 0.05 | 254 | 0.07 |
Slight degradation | 25994 | 5.07 | 5426 | 3.14 | 12101 | 3.32 |
Total degradation | 26768 | 5.22 | 5520 | 3.19 | 12379 | 3.40 |
Slight restoration | 53245 | 10.38 | 11829 | 6.84 | 5748 | 1.58 |
Obvious restoration | 14118 | 2.75 | 1595 | 0.92 | 404 | 0.11 |
Extremely significant improvement | 3869 | 0.75 | 138 | 0.08 | 72 | 0.02 |
Total restoration | 71232 | 13.89 | 13562 | 7.84 | 6224 | 1.71 |
Table 5
Statistics of forage yield for different grasslands in North China from 2000 to 2015"
Grassland types | North China | Tibet | Inner Mongolia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (g/m2) | Annual trend (g/m2·a) | Mean (g/m2) | Annual trend (g/m2·a) | Mean (g/m2) | Annual trend (g/m2·a) | |
Alpine grassland | 20.23 | 0.13 | 19.72 | 0.10 | 20.52 | 0.56 |
Alpine meadow | 49.98 | 0.33 | 44.04 | 0.17 | 48.19 | 0.79 |
Alpine desert | 15.79 | 0.13 | 16.07 | 0.20 | - | - |
Temperate grassland | 42.75 | 0.43 | 36.41 | -0.03 | 44.70 | 0.54 |
Temperate meadow | 48.20 | 0.37 | 61.75 | 0.16 | 55.84 | 0.54 |
Temperate desert | 14.80 | 0.15 | 11.33 | 0.07 | 12.38 | 0.14 |
Total | 33.38 | 0.27 | 28.37 | 0.13 | 37.62 | 0.43 |
Grassland types | Xinjiang | Gansu | Qinghai | |||
Mean (g/m2) | Annual trend (g/m2·a) | Mean (g/m2) | Annual trend (g/m2·a) | Mean (g/m2) | Annual trend (g/m2·a) | |
Alpine grassland | 12.04 | -0.02 | 10.82 | 0.02 | 28.78 | 0.43 |
Alpine meadow | 25.41 | -0.23 | 78.97 | 0.71 | 57.69 | 0.57 |
Alpine desert | 9.41 | 0.11 | 13.22 | -0.18 | 22.29 | -0.24 |
Temperate grassland | 34.06 | -0.12 | 46.92 | 0.68 | 43.37 | 0.80 |
Temperate meadow | 35.43 | 0.10 | 63.57 | 0.68 | 37.22 | 0.35 |
Temperate desert | 17.24 | 0.14 | 12.93 | 0.15 | 16.80 | 0.22 |
Total | 23.89 | 0.04 | 38.13 | 0.44 | 45.99 | 0.50 |
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