Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2021, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 437-455.doi: 10.1007/s11442-021-1852-x
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DENG Xiangzheng1,2,3(), JIN Gui4, HE Shujin1, WANG Chengxin5, LI Zhaohua6, WANG Zhanqi7, SONG Malin8, YANG Qingyuan9, ZHANG Anlu10, CHEN Jiancheng11
Received:
2020-11-22
Accepted:
2021-01-05
Online:
2021-03-25
Published:
2021-05-25
About author:
Deng Xiangzheng, PhD and Professor, specialized in natural resource management, global change and re-gional sustainable development. E-mail: dengxz@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
DENG Xiangzheng, JIN Gui, HE Shujin, WANG Chengxin, LI Zhaohua, WANG Zhanqi, SONG Malin, YANG Qingyuan, ZHANG Anlu, CHEN Jiancheng. Research progress and prospect on development geography[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(3): 437-455.
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Table 1
Major progress towards the MDGs in the core area of development geography (United Nations, 2015)"
Goal | Major progress |
---|---|
Goal 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger | The number of people living in extreme poverty has declined from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 million in 2015; the rate of extreme poverty in developing countries has dropped from 47% in 1990 to 14%. |
Goal 2: achieve universal primary education | From 2000 to 2015, the net primary school enrollment rate in developing regions increased from 83% to 91%; from 1990 to 2015, the global literacy rate of 15-24-year-olds increased from 83% to 91%. |
Goal 3: promote gender equality and empower women | By 2015, developing regions as a whole have achieved the specific goal of eliminating gender disparities in primary, secondary and higher education. |
Goal 4: reduce child mortality | From 1990 to 2015, the mortality rate of children under 5 years of age decreased by more than half, from 90 deaths per 1000 live births to 43 deaths. |
Goal 5: improve maternal health | From 1900 to 2013, the number of maternal deaths per 100000 live births dropped from 380 to 210, and the maternal mortality rate decreased by 45%. |
Goal 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases | From 2000 to 2013, the number of new HIV infections decreased by about 40%, from 3.5 million to 2.1 million. |
Goal 7: ensure environmental sustainability | From 1990 to 2015, the proportion of people with access to improved drinking water increased from 76% to 91%; from 2000 to 2014, the proportion of people living in slums in developing countries decreased from 39.4% to 29.7%. |
Goal 8: develop a global partnership for development | From 2000 to 2014, the real value of official assistance from developed countries rose from 81 billion US dollars to 135.2 billion US dollars, an increase of 66%. |
Table 2
Indicators to measure the level of development convergence in development geography"
Indicator | Utility | |
---|---|---|
Quantitative indicator | Economic indicators: Gini coefficient, gross national product (GNP) per capita, unemployment rate, energy consumption, share of primary sector | Used to measure the level and balance of socio-economic development of a country |
Social indicators: clean water and sanitation, adult literacy rate | Used to measure whether the country is meeting the needs of people | |
Demographic indicators: birth rate, mortality rate, fertility rate | Used to measure the country's level of social development | |
Composite indicators: gross domestic product (GDP), Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) | Comprehensive measurement of whether the country is improving the quality and standard of life of people | |
Qualitative Index | Indicators that include non-material benefits such as freedoms, rights, and security. | Used to analyze indicators that are not easy to calculate or measure |
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