Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2021, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 130-148.doi: 10.1007/s11442-021-1836-x
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DONG Yin1(), JIN Gui2,*(
), DENG Xiangzheng3, WU Feng3
Received:
2020-08-16
Accepted:
2020-09-30
Online:
2021-01-25
Published:
2021-03-25
Contact:
JIN Gui
E-mail:dongy_simlab@163.com;jingui@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Dong Yin (1992–), PhD Candidate, specialized in land resource evaluation and national land management. E-mail: Supported by:
DONG Yin, JIN Gui, DENG Xiangzheng, WU Feng. Multidimensional measurement of poverty and its spatio-temporal dynamics in China from the perspective of development geography[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(1): 130-148.
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Table 1
The candidate set of poverty measurement indicators"
Dimension | Indicator | Meaning | Symbol |
---|---|---|---|
Income poverty A | A0 Per capita annual savings (yuan per person) | Represents income poverty | lnPSD |
A1 Per capita GDP (yuan per person) | Reflects the level of regional economic development | lnPGDP | |
A2 Proportion of non-agricultural industries (%) | Reflects the regional industrial structure and employment structure | lnIS | |
A3 Per capita social security expenditure (yuan per person) | Reflects the level of social security treatment for residents | lnPSSE | |
A4 Social gross dependency ratio (%) | Reflects the burden on the working-age population | lnGDR | |
A5 Crop-to-disaster ratio (%) | Reflects the probability and vulnerability to natural disasters | lnFCA | |
Healthy poverty B | B0 Rate of disease incidence (?) | Represents health poverty | lnIDI |
B1 Per capita public health expenditure (yuan per person) | Reflects the government’s investment in public health care | lnPPHE | |
B2 Number of hospitals per 10,000 people (unit per 10,000 persons) | Reflects accessibility to basic public health services in the region | lnPHOS | |
B3 Rate of participation in new rural cooperative medical scheme (%) | Reflects the level of rural medical coverage | lnNCMS | |
B4 Health insurance coverage rate of urban residents (%) | Reflects the coverage of basic medical care services for residents | lnUHI | |
B5 Vegetation coverage (%) | Reflects the quality of the regional environment | lnFCR | |
Cultural poverty C | C0 Illiteracy rate (%) | Represents cultural poverty | lnIR |
C1 Per capita education expenditure (yuan per person) | Reflects the intensity of financial investment in public education | lnPEF | |
C2 Number of universities (unit) | Reflects the level of higher education | lnHEDU | |
C3 Student-teacher ratio (%) | Reflects the regional educational human resource allocation | lnSTR | |
C4 Per capita research and development (R&D) expenditure (yuan per person) | Reflects the intensity of investment in regional scientific and technological financial resources | lnPRD | |
C5 Funding per capita for cultural undertakings (yuan per person) | Reflects the level of public cultural services for the mass | lnPMCE |
Table 2
Results of estimation of the relationship between indicator variables"
Variables | h_dlnPSD | Variables | h_dlnIDI | Variables | h_dlnIR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lag.h_dlnPSD | 0.371*** (-5.91) | Lag.h_dlnIDI | -0.062 (-0.57) | Lag.h_dlnIR | -0.182*** (-2.88) |
Lag.h_dlnPGDP | 0.109*** (-3.25) | Lag.h_dlnPPHE | -0.199** (-2.54) | Lag.h_dlnPEF | -0.138 (-1.24) |
Lag.h_dlnIS | 0.234 (-0.68) | Lag.h_dlnPHOS | -0.363** (-1.96) | Lag.h_dlnHEDU | -0.394 (-0.57) |
Lag.h_dlnPSSE | 0.096*** (-4.00) | Lag.h_dlnNCMS | -1.497*** (-3.79) | Lag.h_dlnSTR | 0.060 (-0.12) |
Lag.h_dlnGDR | -0.027 (-0.97) | Lag.h_dlnUHI | 0.056 (-1.15) | Lag.h_dlnPRD | -0.373** (-2.08) |
Lag.h_dlnFCA | -0.006*** (-4.66) | Lag.h_dlnFCR | -0.237*** (-4.01) | Lag.h_dlnPMCE | -0.197*** (-3.06) |
Lag2.h_dlnPSD | 0.032 (-0.97) | Lag2.h_dlnIDI | -0.027 (-0.37) | Lag2.h_dlnIR | -0.029 (-0.57) |
Lag2.h_dlnPGDP | 0.070** (-2.12) | Lag2.h_dlnPPHE | -0.058 (-0.88) | Lag2.h_dlnPEF | -0.231** (-2.53) |
Lag2.h_dlnIS | 0.088 (-0.37) | Lag2.h_dlnPHOS | -0.334** (-2.14) | Lag2.h_dlnHEDU | -5.987*** (-6.14) |
Lag2.h_dlnPSSE | 0.019 (-1.15) | Lag2.h_dlnNCMS | 0.620 (-1.02) | Lag2.h_dlnSTR | 0.084 (-0.30) |
Lag2.h_dlnGDR | -0.071*** (-2.87) | Lag2.h_dlnUHI | -0.039 (-1.07) | Lag2.h_dlnPRD | -0.094 (-0.86) |
Lag2.h_dlnFCA | -0.005*** (-4.34) | Lag2.h_dlnFCR | 0.051 (-0.49) | Lag2.h_dlnPMCE | -0.056 (-1.23) |
Table 3
Spatio-temporal transition matrices of multidimensional poverty"
Period | HH | LH | LL | HL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007-2011 | HH | Type Ⅰ (Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang) | Type Ⅱ (Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi) | Type Ⅳ(1) | Type Ⅲ |
LH | Type Ⅱ (Shandong, Hunan) | TypeⅠ(Liaoning, Guangdong) | Type Ⅲ (Heilongjiang) | Type Ⅳ(2) | |
LL | Type Ⅳ(1) | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅰ (Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian) | Type Ⅱ | |
HL | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅳ(2) | Type Ⅱ | Type Ⅰ (Hebei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hainan) | |
2012-2017 | HH | Type Ⅰ (Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang) | Type Ⅱ (Chongqing, Guizhou) | Type Ⅳ(1) | Type Ⅲ (Guangxi) |
LH | Type Ⅱ (Inner Mongolia) | TypeⅠ(Liaoning, Guangdong, Shaanxi) | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅳ(2) | |
LL | Type Ⅳ(1) (Heilongjiang) | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅰ (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian) | Type Ⅱ (Jilin) | |
HL | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅳ(2) | Type Ⅱ | Type Ⅰ (Hebei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hainan) | |
2007-2017 | HH | Type Ⅰ (Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang) | Type Ⅱ (Chongqing, Guizhou, Shaanxi) | Type Ⅳ(1) | Type Ⅲ (Guangxi) |
LH | Type Ⅱ (Heilongjiang, Shandong, Hunan) | TypeⅠ(Liaoning, Guangdong) | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅳ(2) | |
LL | Type Ⅳ(1) | Type Ⅲ | TypeⅠ(Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian) | Type Ⅱ (Jilin) | |
HL | Type Ⅲ | Type Ⅳ(2) | Type Ⅱ | TypeⅠ(Hebei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hainan) |
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