Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2020, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 908-920.doi: 10.1007/s11442-020-1761-4
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WANG Tao1,*, SHAO Zhijiang1, YU Hui1, BAH Hamidou2
Received:
2019-09-20
Accepted:
2020-03-05
Online:
2020-06-25
Published:
2020-08-25
Contact:
WANG Tao
About author:
Wang Tao (1978–), Associate Professor, specialized in water pollution control. E-mail: wangt@imde.ac.cn
Supported by:
WANG Tao, SHAO Zhijiang, YU Hui, BAH Hamidou. Distribution of fluoride in surface water and a health risk assessment in the upper reaches of the Yongding River[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(6): 908-920.
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Table 1
Fluoride concentration and frequency in the studied regions"
River | Sampling site | Sample number | Fluoride concentration (mg L-1) | SD | Frequency (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum | Minimum | Mean | <0.5 mg L-1 | 0.5-1.0 mg L-1 | >1.0 mg L-1 | ||||
Qingshui River | Y1 | 37 | 0.97 | 0.42 | 0.71d* | 0.11 | 2.7 | 97.3 | 0 |
Y2 | 38 | 1.17 | 0.43 | 0.72d | 0.13 | 7.9 | 89.5 | 2.6 | |
Yanghe River | Y3 | 33 | 1.10 | 0.59 | 0.83bc | 0.13 | 0 | 84.9 | 9.1 |
Y4 | 49 | 1.50 | 0.43 | 1.18a | 0.29 | 2.0 | 26.5 | 71.4 | |
Y5 | 49 | 1.49 | 0.32 | 1.13a | 0.29 | 2.0 | 30.6 | 67.4 | |
Sanggan River | Y6 | 44 | 0.86 | 0.30 | 0.58e | 0.13 | 29.6 | 70.5 | 0 |
Y7 | 45 | 1.47 | 0.46 | 0.82c | 0.18 | 2.2 | 88.9 | 8.9 | |
Y8 | 48 | 1.13 | 0.46 | 0.76cd | 0.13 | 2.1 | 95.8 | 2.1 | |
Yongding River | Y9 | 50 | 1.45 | 0.38 | 0.90b | 0.20 | 2.0 | 74.0 | 24.0 |
Figure 2
Seasonal changes in the average concentrations of fluoride in different rivers: (a) upstream of Qingshui River; (b) downstream of Qingshui River; (c) upstream of Yanghe River; (d) downstream of Yanghe River; (e) downstream of Yanghe River; (f) upstream of Sanggan River; (g) upstream of Sanggan River; (h) downstream of Sanggan River; (i) Yongding River"
Table 2
Hazard quotient values for different regions over four age groups (infants, children, teenagers and adults)"
River | Sampling site | Sample number | Infants | Children | Teenagers | Adults | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQ | Frequency (%)** | HQ | Frequency (%) | HQ | Frequency (%) | HQ | Frequency (%) | |||
Qingshui River | Y1 | 37 | 0.10±0.01c* | 0 | 0.67±0.10d | 0 | 0.63±0.09d | 0 | 0.50±0.07d | 0 |
Y2 | 38 | 0.10±0.02c | 0 | 0.68±0.12d | 2.6 | 0.63±0.11d | 2.6 | 0.50±0.09d | 0 | |
Yanghe River | Y3 | 33 | 0.11±0.02b | 0 | 0.78±0.12bc | 6.1 | 0.73±0.12bc | 0 | 0.57±0.09bc | 0 |
Y4 | 49 | 0.16±0.04a | 0 | 1.12±0.28a | 63.3 | 1.04±0.26a | 57.1 | 0.82±0.20a | 26.5 | |
Y5 | 49 | 0.15±0.04a | 0 | 1.07±0.28a | 65.3 | 1.00±0.26a | 55.1 | 0.79±0.20a | 12.2 | |
Sanggan River | Y6 | 44 | 0.08±0.02d | 0 | 0.54±0.12e | 0 | 0.50±0.12e | 0 | 0.40±0.09e | 0 |
Y7 | 45 | 0.11±0.02b | 0 | 0.77±0.17c | 6.7 | 0.72±0.16c | 2.2 | 0.57±0.13c | 2.2 | |
Y8 | 48 | 0.10±0.02c | 0 | 0.72±0.12cd | 2.1 | 0.67±0.11cd | 0 | 0.53±0.09cd | 0 | |
Yongding River | Y9 | 50 | 0.12±0.03b | 0 | 0.85±0.19b | 16.0 | 0.79±0.18b | 10.0 | 0.63±0.14b | 2.0 |
Figure 5
Health quotient values for different age groups in the studied regions: (a) upstream of Qingshui River; (b) downstream of Qingshui River; (c) upstream of Yanghe River; (d) downstream of Yanghe River; (e) downstream of Yanghe River; (f) upstream of Sanggan River; (g) upstream of Sanggan River; (h) downstream of Sanggan River; (i) Yongding River"
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