Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2020, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 775-793.doi: 10.1007/s11442-020-1755-2
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SONG Zhouying1,2,3, ZHU Qiaoling1,2,3
Received:
2020-01-02
Accepted:
2020-02-20
Online:
2020-05-25
Published:
2020-07-25
About author:
Song Zhouying (1982–), PhD and Associate Professor, specialized in economic geography and regional studies. E-mail: songzy@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
SONG Zhouying, ZHU Qiaoling. Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China’s border areas[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 775-793.
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Table 1
Drivers of urban development in China’s border areas and their weights"
Indicator | Units | Description | Data source | Weight | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural force | Average annual precipitation | mm | Measures the livability of climatic conditions via the average annual precipitation of county-level units | China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDC) | 0.25 | ||||
Average annual temperature | ℃ | Measures the livability of climatic conditions via the average annual temperature of county-level units | China Meteorological Data Service Center (CMDC) | 0.25 | |||||
Average altitude | km | Measures the topographic conditions in border areas via average elevation of county-level units | Geospatial Data Cloud | 0.25 | |||||
Arable land area | ha | Measures the scale of arable land in border areas | China Economic and Social Development Statistics Database | 0.25 | |||||
Administrative force | Local fiscal expenditure | 10,000 RMB | Measures the administrative and regulatory capacity of local governments | China Statistical Yearbook (County-Level) | 0.3 | ||||
Public and private fixed-asset investment | 10,000 RMB | Measures the economic capacity of local governments | China Statistical Yearbook (County-Level) | 0.3 | |||||
Preferential policy index | / | Measures national policy support (at a scale of 0-5 based on the following five policy conditions) 1 = West China Development and Northeast Revitalization programs 2 = Pilot for supporting reforms along borders and pilot for supporting reform of modern agriculture 3 = Border economic cooperation zone, comprehensive free trade zone or “prosperity to border areas and their residents” pilots 4 = Key experimental zones for development and opening up 5 = Cross-border economic cooperation zones | Websites of Ministry of Commerce and National Development and Reform Commission | 0.4 | |||||
Market force | Total retail sales of consumer goods | 10,000 RMB | Measures the size of domestic markets in border areas | China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) | 0.4 | ||||
Bilateral trade | 10,000 USD | Measures the level of trade development in border areas | International Trade Centre databases | 0.2 | |||||
Bilateral economic integration | / | Measures the bilateral trade environment (with integration scores of 0-3) 0 = The two countries have no trade agreement 1 = Both countries have joined economic organizations or agreements, such as WTO, CAFTA, BRI, etc. 2 = Countries are in bilateral trade negotiations 3 = Countries have signed a bilateral free trade agreement | Websites of Ministry of Commerce and National Development and Reform Commission | 0.2 | |||||
Market opportunities | / | Measures market size, market expectations, etc., of neighboring countries in border areas (expressed as per capita GDP of neighboring country/per capita GDP of border area) | China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) & World Bank databases | 0.2 | |||||
Industrial force | Industrial output | 10,000 RMB | Measures the level of industrialization | China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) | 0.4 | ||||
Tourism revenue | Million USD | Measures the level of development of tourism | China Statistical Yearbook | 0.3 | |||||
GRP | 100 million RMB | Measures overall industrial development | China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) | 0.3 | |||||
Transportation force | Transport route density | km/km2 | Measures level of transportation access to China’s hinterland (the ratio of the length of transport routes to the administrative area, including road and rail routes) | China Statistical Yearbook | 0.4 | ||||
Transport status | / | Determines whether a county is an important transportation node in China’s opening up drive | Websites of Ministry of Commerce and National Development and Reform Commission | 0.3 | |||||
Air transport development | / | Measures the level of aviation development (0-3 assigned based on airport construction) 0 = No airport of category 3C or higher 1 = has a 3C airport 2 = has a 4C airport 3 = has a 4D airport | General Aviation Resource Net of China | 0.3 | |||||
Social force | Proportion of population made up of ethnic minorities | / | Measures social and cultural integration with neighboring countries | Census | 0.4 | ||||
Education level | People | Number of primary and secondary school students and ordinary middle school students per 10,000 people | China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) | 0.3 | |||||
Medical care level | Beds | Number of beds in medical institutions per 10,000 people | China Statistical Yearbook (County-level) | 0.3 |
Table 2
Factor detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas"
Natural | Admin. | Market | Indust. | Transp. | Social | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All border areas | 0.103*** | 0.096*** | 0.058*** | 0.204*** | 0.224*** | 0.166*** |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
Northeast | 0.248*** | 0.073*** | 0.018* | 0.014 | 0.133*** | 0.069*** |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.068) | (0.135) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
North | 0.092*** | 0.132*** | 0.199*** | 0.039** | 0.190*** | 0.151*** |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.017) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
Northwest | 0.063*** | 0.099*** | 0.048*** | 0.232*** | 0.228*** | 0.016* |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.084) | |
Tibet | 0.114*** | 0.036** | 0.052*** | 0.017 | 0.040 | 0.072*** |
(0.000) | (0.042) | (0.007) | (0.324) | (0.256) | (0.000) | |
Southwest | 0.037*** | 0.173*** | 0.198*** | 0.064*** | 0.138*** | 0.108*** |
(0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.000) |
Figure 6
Interaction detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas Note: The diagonal values in the table (in white boxes) are the individual explanatory powers (q statistics) of each driver, and the non-diagonal values are the explanatory power (q statistics) of interactions between two driving forces."
Figure 7
Interaction detection results of urbanization drivers in China’s border areas Note: The diagonal values in the table (in white boxes) are the individual explanatory powers (q statistics) of each driver, and the non-diagonal values are the explanatory power (q statistics) of interactions between two driving forces."
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