Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2020, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 401-422.doi: 10.1007/s11442-020-1734-7
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
LIU Wenchao1,2, LIU Jiyuan1, KUANG Wenhui1,*()
Received:
2019-04-16
Accepted:
2019-06-22
Online:
2020-03-25
Published:
2020-05-25
Contact:
KUANG Wenhui
E-mail:kuangwh@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Liu Wenchao (1986–), PhD and Lecturer, specialized in remote sensing of natural resources and environment, land use and cover change (LUCC) and ecological effect. E-mail: dorayliu@163.com
Supported by:
LIU Wenchao, LIU Jiyuan, KUANG Wenhui. Spatio-temporal characteristics of soil protection efforts of the Grain for Green Project in northern Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(3): 401-422.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
National soil erosion classification system"
Primary | Secondary | Intensity |
---|---|---|
1 Water erosion | 11 Surface erosion | 111Trace 112 Slight 113 Moderate |
114 High 115 Severe 116 Extreme | ||
12 Gullying | 121Trace 122 Slight 123 Moderate | |
124 High 125 Severe 126 Extreme | ||
2 Wind erosion | 20 No sub-classes | 201Trace 202 Slight 203 Moderate |
204 High 205 Severe 206 Extreme | ||
3 Freeze-thaw erosion | 30 No sub-classes | 301Trace 302 Slight 303 Moderate |
304 High | ||
4 Gravitational erosion | 40 No sub-classes | No intensity grading |
5 Man-made erosion | 50 No sub-classes | No intensity grading |
Table 3
RUSLE model simulation results"
Erosion level | Theoretical value (t/ha) | Verification points | No. of points with simulated values within the theoretical value range | Correct judgement rate (%) | 2005 model simulated average (t/ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trace | <10 | 50 | 38 | 76.00 | 7.89 |
Slight | 10-25 | 46 | 33 | 71.74 | 17.90 |
Moderate | 25-50 | 56 | 39 | 69.64 | 37.29 |
High | 50-80 | 46 | 28 | 60.87 | 61.61 |
Severe | 80-150 | 50 | 37 | 74.00 | 89.43 |
Extreme | ≥ 150 | 73 | 38 | 52.05 | 123.42 |
Table 4
Hydrological station data"
Station name | Catchment area (104 ha) | Sediment runoff (108 t) | Sediment runoff modulus (t/ha) |
---|---|---|---|
Wenjiachuan | 86.45 | 0.11 | 12.72 |
Baijiachaun | 296.62 | 0.96 | 32.36 |
Ganguyi | 58.91 | 0.22 | 37.35 |
Huangfuchuan | 31.99 | 0.14 | 43.76 |
Zhuangtou | 251.54 | 0.70 | 27.83 |
Longmen | 4975.52 | 2.36 | 4.75 |
Table 5
Statistical analysis of soil erosion in Yan’an and Yulin in 2000, 2010 and 2013"
2000 | 2010 | 2013 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil erosion (104 t) | Proportion* (%) | Soil erosion (104 t) | Proportion* (%) | Soil erosion (104 t) | Proportion* (%) | |
Yan’an | 11856.38 | 43.13 | 6484.56 | 40.59 | 5503.15 | 35.46 |
Yulin | 15631.69 | 56.87 | 9493.14 | 59.41 | 10016.61 | 64.54 |
Table 6
Soil erosion moduli change of repurposed farmland in northern Shaanxi between 2000 and 2010"
Type of change | Region | Yan’an | Yulin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil erosion (104 t) | Proportion* (%) | Soil erosion (104 t) | Proportion* (%) | Soil erosion (104 t) | Proportion* (%) | |
Farmland→Forest | -217.11 | -43.91 | -129.05 | -43.18 | -88.06 | -45.02 |
Farmland→Grassland | -654.29 | -48.51 | -391.28 | -47.93 | -263.01 | -49.39 |
Farmland→Water body | -0.26 | -24.49 | -0.10 | -33.99 | -0.16 | -20.94 |
Farmland→Construction | -13.84 | -38.31 | -7.57 | -43.10 | -6.28 | -33.79 |
Farmland→Unutilized | -0.40 | -28.14 | -0.19 | -25.72 | -0.21 | -30.75 |
Total reductions | -885.90 | -47.08 | -528.18 | -46.59 | -357.71 | -47.82 |
Table 7
Changes in soil erosion resulting from repurposing farmland in northern Shaanxi between 2010 and 2013"
Type of change | Region | Yan’an | Yulin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil erosion (t) | Proportion* (%) | Soil erosion (t) | Proportion* (%) | Soil erosion (t) | Proportion* (%) | |
Farmland→Forest | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Farmland→Grassland | -45.50 | -51.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -45.50 | -51.98 |
Farmland→Water body | -295.72 | -7.24 | -44.67 | -4.67 | -251.05 | -8.02 |
Farmland→Construction | -2162.13 | -15.32 | 130.87 | 3.05 | -2293.00 | -23.35 |
Farmland→Unutilized | 1880.37 | 10.26 | -193.36 | -43.39 | 2073.73 | 11.59 |
Total reductions | -622.97 | -1.70 | -107.17 | -1.88 | -515.81 | -1.67 |
Table 8
Changes in the soil erosion moduli of different regions of northern Shaanxi between 2000 and 2010"
2000 mean soil erosion modulus (t/ha) | 2010 mean soil erosion modulus (t/ha) | 2000-2010 change in soil erosion modulus (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Repurposed farmland | 48.22 | 25.52 | -47.08 |
Non-repurposed farmland | 38.41 | 27.43 | -28.60 |
Whole of northern Shaanxi | 34.66 | 20.15 | -41.87 |
Table 9
Changing soil erosion moduli of terraced and sloping farmland in northern Shaanxi between 2000 and 2010"
2000 mean soil erosion modulus (t/ha) | 2010 mean soil erosion modulus (t/ha) | 2000-2010 change in soil erosion modulus (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Repurposed terraced farmland | 15.21 | 14.58 | -4.17 |
Repurposed sloping farmland | 50.66 | 26.30 | -48.09 |
Non-repurposed terraced farmland | 16.74 | 15.84 | -5.38 |
Non-repurposed sloping farmland | 41.57 | 29.12 | -29.95 |
[1] | Cai C F, Ding S W, Shi Z H et al., 2000. Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 14(2):19-24. (in Chinese) |
[2] | Cai Q G, Lu Z X, Wang G P , 1996. Process-based soil erosion and sediment YIEID model in a small basin in the hilly loess region. Acta Geographica Sinica, 63(2):108-117. (in Chinese) |
[3] | Cai Q G, Wang G P, Chen Y Z , 1998. Erosion and Sediment Yield Process and Simulation in Small Watershed of Loess Plateau. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[4] | Chen J S , 2006. Grain for Green Project with Sustainable Development of the Western China. Chengdu: Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Press. (in Chinese) |
[5] | De Roo A, Wesseling C G, Ritsma C G , 1996. LISEM: A single-event, physical based hydrological and soils erosion model for drainage basin, I: Theory, input and output. Hydrological Processes, 10(8):1107-1117. |
[6] | Ellision W D , 1947. Soil erosion studies - Part I. Agricultural Engineering, 28(4):145-146. |
[7] |
Fan J , 2015. Draft of major function oriented zoning of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(2):186-201. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201502002 |
[8] | Fu B J, Zhao W W, Chen L D et al., 2006. Multi-scale soil erosion evaluation index. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(16):1936-1943. (in Chinese) |
[9] | Fu S H, Liu B Y , 2002. Evolution of the soil erosion model. Advance in Earth Sciences, 17(1):78-84. (in Chinese) |
[10] | Gao G Y, Fu B J, Lv Y H et al., 2013. The effect of land cover pattern on hillslope soil and water loss in the arid and semi-arid region: A review. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(1):12-22. (in Chinese) |
[11] | Gao W S, Dong X B , 2003. Valuation of fragile agriculture ecosystem services in loess hilly-gully region: A case study of Ansai county. Journal of Natural Resources, 18(2):182-188. (in Chinese) |
[12] | Guo M M, Wang W L, Kang H L et al., 2018. Changes in soil properties and erodibility of gully heads induced by vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Arid Land, 10(5):712-725. |
[13] | Han X H , 2008. Research on ecological effect and mechanism of forestry (grass) project in Loess Plateau [D]. Yangling: Northwest A & F University. (in Chinese) |
[14] | Huang Z L, Fu B J, Chen L D , 2002. Restructure and restoration of ecosystem in Loess Plateau based on restoration ecology. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(3):122-125. (in Chinese) |
[15] |
Jia X J, Chang Q R, Xue A L et al., 2008. Ecological effects of returning farmland to forest land in the loess gully and hilly region. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 28(3):182-185. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-S1-S2 pmid: 24711979 |
[16] | Jiang Z S, Liu Z, Jia Z W , 1990. Research for relationships between topographic factors and loss of soil and water on sloping land. Academic Sinica & Ministry of Water Conservancy, 12:1-3. (in Chinese) |
[17] | Li Q, Xu M X, Zhao Y G et al., 2012. Gully erosion soil quality assessment on the cultivated slope land in the Loess Plateau region, China. Journal of Natural Resources, 27(6):1001-1012. (in Chinese) |
[18] | Li T H, Zheng L N , 2012. Soil erosion changes in the Yanhe watershed from 2001 to 2010 based on RUSLE model. Journal of Natural Resources, 27(7):1164-1175. (in Chinese) |
[19] | Liang Z S, Zuo C Q, Jiao J R , 2003. The role of ecology restores on soil and water conservation in Loess Plateau. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 18(1):20-24. (in Chinese) |
[20] | Liu B Y, Nearing M A, Risse L M , 1994. Slope gradient effects on soil loss for steep slopes. Transactions of the ASAE, 37(6):1835-1840. |
[21] |
Liu B Y, Nearing M A, Shi P J et al., 2000. Slope length effects on soil loss for steep slopes. Soil Science Society of America journal, 64(5):1759-1763.
doi: 10.2136/sssaj2000.6451759x |
[22] | Liu D S , 1985. Loess and Environment. Beijing: Science Press, 176-190. (in Chinese) |
[23] | Liu J Y, Liu M L, Zhuang D F et al., 2003. Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995-2000. Science in China, 46(4):373-384. |
[24] | McCool D K, Foster G R, Mutchler C K et al., 1989. Revised slope length factor for the universal soil loss equation. Transactions of the ASAE, 30(5):1387-1396. |
[25] | Morgan R, Rickson R J , 1994. The European soil erosion model: An update on its structure and research base. Conserving Soil Resources European Perspectives. |
[26] | Ouyang Z Y, Wang R S , 2000. Ecosystem services and their economic valuation. World Sci-Tech R&D, 1(5):45-50. (in Chinese) |
[27] | Renard K G, Foster G R, Weesies G A et al., 1997. Predicting soil erosion by water: A guide to conservation planning with the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). Agriculture Handbook, 703:27-28. |
[28] |
Rose C W, Williams J R, Sander G C et al., 1983. A mathematical model of soil erosion and deposition processes: I: Theory for a plane land element. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47(5):991-995.
doi: 10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700050030x |
[29] | Statistics Bureau of Shaanxi Province (SBSP), 2010. Shaanxi Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press. (in Chinese) |
[30] | Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP), 1970. Man’s Impact on the Global Environment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. |
[31] | Song F Q, Xing K X, Liu Y et al., 2011. Monitoring and assessment of vegetation variation in northern Shaanxi based on MODIS/NDVI. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(2):354-363. (in Chinese) |
[32] | Wang L X, Wu C W , 1994. Study on the mechanism of soil conservation effect of forested hillslope. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 16(4):1-7. (in Chinese) |
[33] | Wang T , 2018. Quantitative analysis on influencing factors of soil erosion using RUSLE: A case study of the Luohe basin in northern Shanxi province. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(8):170-177. (in Chinese) |
[34] | Wang W Z , 1987. A study on rainfall erosion R index in loess region. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 12:36-40. (in Chinese) |
[35] | Wang X P, Li H Y , 2006. Study on ecological restoration and reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 6:23-25. (in Chinese) |
[36] | Williams J, Jones C, Dyke P , 1984. Modeling approach to determining the relationship between erosion and soil productivity. Transactions of the ASAE, 27(1):129-144. |
[37] | Wischmeier W H, Johnson C B, Cross B V , 1971. A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 26(5):189-193. |
[38] | Xu Y, Liu Y H, Tang Q , 2009. National major function oriented zoning and ecological environment restoration of the Loess Plateau. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(6):1-5. (in Chinese) |
[39] | Xu Y Q, Shao X M , 2006. Estimation of soil erosion supported by GIS and RUSLE: A case study of Maotiaohe watershed, Guizhou province. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 28(4):67-71. (in Chinese) |
[40] | Yan J P , 2004. Ecological Environment Construction and System Innovation in Northwest China. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. (in Chinese) |
[41] | You S C, Li W Q , 1999. Estimation of soil erosion supported by GIS: A case study in Guanxi township, Taihe, Jiangxi. Journal of Natural Resources, 14(1):63-69. (in Chinese) |
[42] | Zhang Q Y, Jia X X, Zhao C L , et al. 2018. Revegetation with artificial plants improves topsoil hydrological properties but intensifies deep-soil drying in northern Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Arid Land, 10(3):335-346. |
[43] | Zhang W B, Xie Y, Liu B Y , 2002. Rainfall erosivity estimation using daily rainfall amounts. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 22(6):705-711. (in Chinese) |
[1] | HUANG Huiping, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yuan, QIAO Lin, DU Yunyan. Analysis of ecological quality in Lhasa Metropolitan Area during 1990-2017 based on remote sensing and Google Earth Engine platform [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(2): 265-280. |
[2] | XU Chenchen, LIAO Xiaohan, YE Huping, YUE Huanyin. Iterative construction of low-altitude UAV air route network in urban areas: Case planning and assessment [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(9): 1534-1552. |
[3] | ZHAO Guining, ZHANG Zhengyong, LIU Lin, LI Zhongqin, WANG Puyu, XU Liping. Simulation and construction of the glacier mass balance in the Manas River Basin, Tianshan, China from 2000 to 2016 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(6): 988-1004. |
[4] | LI Deren, GUO Wei, CHANG Xiaomeng, LI Xi. From earth observation to human observation: Geocomputation for social science [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(2): 233-250. |
[5] | YAO Yonghui, SUONAN Dongzhu, ZHANG Junyao. Compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map with remote sensing images based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain in the North-South transitional zone of China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(2): 267-280. |
[6] | ZHANG Yongqiang. Using LiDAR-DEM based rapid flood inundation modelling framework to map floodplain inundation extent and depth [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(10): 1649-1663. |
[7] | CHEN Shaodan, ZHANG Liping, ZHANG Yanjun, GUO Mengyao, LIU Xin. Evaluation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite precipitation products for drought monitoring over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(1): 53-67. |
[8] | Xifang WU, Yongqing QI, Yanjun SHEN, Wei YANG, Yucui ZHANG, Akihiko KONDOH. Change of winter wheat planting area and its impacts on groundwater depletion in the North China Plain [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 891-908. |
[9] | Yucui ZHANG, Yongqing QI, Yanjun SHEN, Hongying WANG, Xuepeng PAN. Mapping the agricultural land use of the North China Plain in 2002 and 2012 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 909-921. |
[10] | Qifei ZHANG, Yaning CHEN, Zhi LI, Yupeng LI, Yanyun XIANG, Wei BIAN. Glacier changes from 1975 to 2016 in the Aksu River Basin, Central Tianshan Mountains [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 984-1000. |
[11] | Zhi CAO, Yurui LI, Zhengjia LIU, Lingfan YANG. Quantifying the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province 1995-2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 730-748. |
[12] | Xuefeng YUAN, Jichang HAN, Yajing SHAO, Yuheng LI, Yongsheng WANG. Geodetection analysis of the driving forces and mechanisms of erosion in the hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 779-790. |
[13] | Cunjian YANG, Guanghong XU, Hechao LI, Defei YANG, He HUANG, Jing NI, Xiao LI, Xiao XIANG. Measuring the area of cultivated land reclaimed from rural settlements using an unmanned aerial vehicle [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 846-860. |
[14] | Huan WANG, Jiangbo GAO, Wenjuan HOU. Quantitative attribution analysis of soil erosion in different geomorphological types in karst areas: Based on the geodetector method [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(2): 271-286. |
[15] | LIU Qionghuan, ZHANG Yili, LIU Linshan, LI Lanhui, QI Wei. The spatial local accuracy of land cover datasets over the Qiangtang Plateau, High Asia [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(11): 1841-1858. |
|