Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2020, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 355-377.doi: 10.1007/s11442-020-1732-9
• Research Articles • Next Articles
LIU Haimeng1,2, FANG Chuanglin1,2,*(), FANG Kai3
Received:
2019-06-18
Accepted:
2019-10-12
Online:
2020-03-25
Published:
2020-05-25
Contact:
FANG Chuanglin
E-mail:fangcl@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Liu Haimeng, PhD, specialized in urban geography and human-environment systems. E-mail: liuhm@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
LIU Haimeng, FANG Chuanglin, FANG Kai. Coupled Human and Natural Cube: A novel framework for analyzing the multiple interactions between humans and nature[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(3): 355-377.
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Table 1
Comparison of different coupling types in the Coupled Human and Natural Cube"
Conceptual framework | Analysis dimensions | Coupling type | Concept | Diagram | Research methods | Typical cases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
“CHNC” | Space | Intracoupling | Interaction between subsystems, as well as the elements within the particular areal system. | Statistics, coupling degree, coupling coordination degree, etc. | Omitted | |
Telecoupling | Interaction between humans and nature in different remote areal systems, or in different spatial scales. Two categories: Multi- regional telecoupling (MRTC) and multi- scale telecoupling (MSTC). | Multi-region input-output model, spatial Durbin model, hierarchical spatial autoregressive model, network analysis, material flow analysis, energy flow analysis, etc. | MRTC: Water diversion, industry transfer, tourism, international trade, technology transfer, investment; MSTC: Local responses to climate change, global diffusion of local pollution | |||
Time | Syncoupling | Interaction effect between humans and nature occurring in a similar time section. | Statistics, coupling degree, coupling coordination degree, time series analysis, etc. | Omitted | ||
Lagcoupling | Interaction and feedback between humans and nature in different time periods; the causal chain has relative long time intervals. | Time-delay model, dynamic general equilibrium model, multi-level temporal autoregressive modeling, etc. | The time lag effect of environmental investment on local eco-environment; the 1.5 C global warming target in the Paris Agreement has important effect for current policy. | |||
Appear- ance | Apparent coupling | Direct interaction between subsystems; elements within the CHANS and causal chain are A→B | Correlations analysis, linear regression analysis, coupling degree, coupling coordination degree, etc. | Omitted | ||
Hidden coupling | Interaction between elements or systems is not direct, but works indirectly through a mediator or through an implied system or element, and the causal chain is A→C→B or A(C)→B. | Mediating effects model, multi-region input-output model, environmental footprint, life cycle assessment, etc. | A→C→B: Urbanization has indirect effects on carbon emissions by influencing the structure and intensity of energy consumption; A(C)→B: Pollutants, carbon emissions, virtual water hidden in international trade. | |||
Organization | Intra- organizational coupling | Interaction between humans and nature in a particular organization. | Statistics, game theory, etc. | Omitted | ||
Inter- organizational coupling | Complex interest game to tradeoff human development and environment between different organizations and stakeholders. | Game theory, multi-agent modeling, complex adaptive systems theory, multicenter self-organization theory, complex networks, big data analysis, etc. | Stakeholders such as government, farmers, medias and NGOs have different roles and behavioral responses in ecological compensation. |
Table 2
Human-nature coupling matrix"
Analysis dimension | Space | Time | Appearance | Organization |
---|---|---|---|---|
Space | Intracoupling or telecoupling | Intracoupling or telecoupling + syncoupling or lagcoupling | Intracoupling or telecoupling + apparent or hidden coupling | Intracoupling or telecoupling + intra-organizational or inter- organizational coupling |
Time | Syncoupling or lagcoupling + intracoupling or telecoupling | Syncoupling or lagcoupling | Syncoupling or lagcoupling + apparent or hidden coupling | Syncoupling or lagcoupling + intra-organizational or inter-organizational coupling |
Appearance | Apparent or hidden coupling + intracoupling or telecoupling | Apparent or hidden coupling + syncoupling or lagcoupling | Apparent or hidden coupling | Apparent or hidden coupling + intra-organizational or inter-organizational coupling |
Organization | Intra-organizational or inter-organizational coupling + intracoupling or telecoupling | Intra-organizational or inter-organizational coupling + syncoupling or lagcoupling | Intra-organizational or inter- organizational coupling + apparent or hidden coupling | Intra-organizational or inter-organizational coupling |
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