Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 1731-1757.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1688-9
• Review Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
JIN Fengjun1, CHEN Zhuo1,2,3
Received:
2019-02-12
Accepted:
2019-04-08
Online:
2019-10-25
Published:
2019-12-09
About author:
Jin Fengjun (1961-), Professor, specialized in transport geography and regional development studies. E-mail: jinfj@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
JIN Fengjun, CHEN Zhuo. Evolution of transportation in China since reform
and opening up: Patterns and principles[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(10): 1731-1757.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
Achievements in transportation construction from 1980 to 2017 in China"
Year | Railways (1000 km) | Standard highways (1000 km) | Inland waterways (1000 km) | Pipeline (1000 km) | Civil airports | 10,000-ton berths | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | HSR | Total | Freeway | |||||
1980 | 53.3 | - | 521.1 | - | 108.5 | 8.7 | 78 | 144 |
2000 | 68.7 | - | 1315.9 | 16.3 | 119.3 | 24.7 | 139 | 518 |
2017 | 127.0 | 25.0 | 4338.6 | 136.4 | 127.0 | 119.3 | 229 | 1913 |
Table 2
Improvement in transportation vehicles from 1980 to 2017 in China"
Year | Civil motors (million) | Civil aircraft | Locomotives | Deadweight tonnage of civil ships | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cars | Total | Large and medium-sized ones | Total | Electric ones | Total (million tons) | Average (tons) | |
1980 | 1.8 | - | - | - | 10665 | 287 | 12.2 | - |
2000 | 16.1 | 6.3 | 527 | 462 | 15253 | 3516 | 42.6 | 230.5 |
2017 | 209.1 | 185.2 | 3296 | 3120 | 21081 | 12543 | 246.8 | 1872.9 |
Table 4
Comparison of transportation networks in China and other countries in the early 21st century (data in 2006, unit: 1000 km)"
Types | EU | USA | Japan | Russia | China | China* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highway | 5000 | 6430 | 1197 | 755 | 3457 | 4773.5* |
Freeway | 63.4 | 102.2(1) | 7.4(2) | 29 | 45.3 | 136.4* |
Railway | 215.9 | 229(3) | 27.6 | 85.5 | 77.1 | 127.0* |
Table 6
Accessibilities of administrative units in China to the railway, freeway and airport in 2017"
Administrative ranks | Infrastructure | Accessible ones | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Prefecture-level city | Railway | 312 | 93.41 |
Freeway | 325 | 97.31 | |
Airport | 214 | 64.07 | |
County | Railway | 1872 | 65.66 |
Freeway | 2287 | 80.22 | |
Town | Hard-surfaced roads | 39,645 | 99.39 |
Figure 3
Expansion processes of high-speed transportation networks in China Data sources: The data of transportation network in 2018 was collected from the Baidu Map Open Platform (http://lbsyun.baidu.com/). The data in 2003 and 2013 was collected from the maps published by the Thematic Database for Human-earth System of Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.data.ac.cn/xiazai/xiazainew.asp), and the National Geomatics Center of China (http://www.ngcc.cn/)."
Table 7
Evolution of differences between the three economic zones in transportation networks"
Indicators | Standard highway | Railway | Freeway | HSR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 2000 | 2016 | 1980 | 2000 | 2016 | 2000 | 2016 | 2016 | ||
Total (10,000 km) | Eastern | 17.09 | 41.25 | 120.09 | 1.39 | 1.49 | 3.45 | 0.91 | 4.15 | 0.99 |
Middle | 17.94 | 34.87 | 139.90 | 2.07 | 2.17 | 3.93 | 0.36 | 4.19 | 0.70 | |
Western | 17.11 | 45.47 | 162.67 | 1.88 | 2.21 | 5.02 | 0.37 | 4.76 | 0.77 | |
Per capita mileage (m) | Eastern | 4.58 | 8.47 | 20.95 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.19 | 0.72 | 0.17 |
Middle | 5.32 | 8.37 | 32.35 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 0.97 | 0.16 | |
Western | 5.99 | 12.76 | 43.48 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 1.34 | 0.10 | 1.27 | 0.21 |
Figure 7
Evolution of travel times around provincial capitals in China Data sources: The data of transportation network in 2016 was collected from the Baidu Map Open Platform (http://lbsyun.baidu.com/). The data in 2003 was collected from the maps published by the Thematic Database for Human-earth System of Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.data.ac.cn/xiazai/xiazainew.asp), and the National Geomatics Center of China (http://www.ngcc.cn/). The calculation was based on the ARCGIS platform. For the specific method, please refer to Jin et al. (2017)"
Figure 8
Evolution of the pattern of transportation dominance in China Data sources: The data of the spatial pattern of transportation dominance in 1985 was quoted from “Infrastructure and Economic-social Spatial Organization (Beijing: Science Press, 2012) authored by Jin Fengjun. The data in 2016 was calculated by authors. The raw data was mainly collected from Baidu Map (https://map.baidu.com/), Thematic Database for Human-earth System of Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.data.ac.cn/ xiazai/xiazainew.asp), and the National Geomatics Center of China (http://www.ngcc.cn/). The calculation was based on the ARCGIS platform. For the specific method, please refer to Jin et al. (2008)."
[1] | Chen H, Zhang W C, Jin F J , 2000. Transportation Geography in China. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[2] | Chen Y, Jin F J, Lu Y Q , et al., 2017. Development history and accessibility evolution of land transportation network in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Acta Geographica Sinica, 72(12):2252-2264. (in Chinese) |
[3] | Chen Z, Jin F J, Yang Y , et al., 2018. Distance-decay pattern and spatial differentiation of expressway flow: An empirical study using data of expressway toll station in Fujian Province. Progress in Geography, 37(8):1086-1095. (in Chinese) |
[4] | Cui X G, Fang C L, Zhang Q , 2018. Spatial relationship between high-speed transport superiority degree and land-use efficiency in Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration. Acta Geographica Sinica, 73(6):1149-1161. (in Chinese) |
[5] | Han Z L, Yang Y K, Zhang W C , et al., 2000. The basic theory and life-circle pattern of traffic economic belt’s development and evolvement. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 20(4):195-300. (in Chinese) |
[6] | Jian L X, Li D B, Zhao S C , 2016. China’s coastal port complex network evolution. Economic Geography, 36(12):96-103. (in Chinese) |
[7] | Jiang H B, Xu J G, Qi Y , 2010. The influence of Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railways on land accessibility of regional center cities. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(10):1287-1298. (in Chinese) |
[8] | Jiao J J, Wang J E, Jin F J , et al., 2016. Impact of high-speed rail on inter-city network based on the passenger train network in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 71(2):265-280. (in Chinese) |
[9] | Jiao J J, Wang J E, Jin F J , 2017. Impacts of high-speed rail lines on the city network in China. Journal of Transport Geography, 60(4):257-266. (in Chinese) |
[10] | Jin F J , 2012. Infrastructure and Spatial Organization. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[11] | Jin F J , 2013. Organization Mechanism of Efficacy Space and Spatial Welfare: Spatial Organization and Efficiency. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[12] | Jin F J, Jiao J J, Qi Y J , et al., 2017. Evolution and geographic effects of high-speed rail in East Asia: An accessibility approach. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27(5):515-532. (in Chinese) |
[13] | Jin F J, Wang C J, Li X W , 2008. Discrimination method and its application analysis of regional transport superiority. Acta Geographica Sinica, 63(8):787-798. (in Chinese) |
[14] | Ke W Q, Lu Y Q Chen W , et al., 2016. Evolutionary stages and theoretical model of high-speed traffic network spatio-temporal structure: A case study of expressway traffic flow network in Jiangsu province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 71(2):281-292. (in Chinese) |
[15] | Li P X, Sun W , 2013. Pattern and driving mechanisms of urban expansion of southern Jiangsu province since reform and opening up. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 22(12):1529-1536. (in Chinese) |
[16] | Mo H H, Wang J E , 2012. Complex Transport Network: Structure, Process & Mechanism. Beijing: Economy & Management Publishing House. (in Chinese) |
[17] | Shen Z Y, Deng X J , 2003. Transportation Engineering. Beijing: China Communications Press. (in Chinese) |
[18] | Smith D A, Timberlake M F , 2001. World city networks and hierarchies, 1977-1997: An empirical analysis of global air travel links. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(10):1656-1678. |
[19] | Wang C J, Ding J X, Yang W , 2011. Policy and spatial effect of expressway planning network in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(8):1076-1088. (in Chinese) |
[20] | Wang F H, Liu Y, Wang J E , 2014. Transport networks, intraurban structure and system of cities: A Sino-US comparative perspective. Progress in Geography, 33(10):1289-1299. (in Chinese) |
[21] | Wang H J, Miao C H , 2014. China’s central cities railway Passenger transport connects and its distribution base on O-D network. Economic Geography, 34(5):83-90. (in Chinese) |
[22] | Wang L, Cao Y H, Qiu F D , 2017. Spatial change and driving mechanism of the industry in regions of HSR stations before and after the opening: A case study of Nanjing HSR station. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 37(1):19-27. (in Chinese) |
[23] | Zhang W C, Jin F J, Fan J , 2002. Traffic Economic Belt. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[24] | Zhang W C, Jin F J Rong C H , et al., 1992. Spatial Transportation Linkages: Theoretical Research, Empirical Analysis and Prediction Method. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House. (in Chinese) |
[1] | WEI Wei, GUO Zecheng, SHI Peiji, ZHOU Liang, WANG Xufeng, LI Zhenya, PANG Sufei, XIE Binbin. Spatiotemporal changes of land desertification sensitivity in northwest China from 2000 to 2017 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(1): 46-68. |
[2] | MA Bin, ZHANG Bo, JIA Lige. Spatio-temporal variation in China’s climatic seasons from 1951 to 2017 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(9): 1387-1400. |
[3] | LIU Xiaojing, LIU Dianfeng, ZHAO Hongzhuo, HE Jianhua, LIU Yaolin. Exploring the spatio-temporal impacts of farmland reforestation on ecological connectivity using circuit theory: A case study in the agro-pastoral ecotone of North China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(9): 1419-1435. |
[4] | WU Li, SUN Xiaoling, SUN Wei, ZHU Cheng, ZHU Tongxin, LU Shuguang, ZHOU Hui, GUO Qingchun, GUAN Houchun, XIE Wei, KE Rui, LIN Guiping. Evolution of Neolithic site distribution (9.0-4.0 ka BP) in Anhui, East China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(9): 1451-1466. |
[5] | YE Chao, LI Simeng, ZHANG Zhao, ZHU Xiaodan. A comparison and case analysis between domestic and overseas industrial parks of China since the Belt and Road Initiative [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(8): 1266-1282. |
[6] | WANG Xueqin, LIU Shenghe, QI Wei. Mega-towns in China: Their spatial distribution features and growth mechanisms [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(7): 1060-1082. |
[7] | YANG Fan, HE Fanneng, LI Meijiao, LI Shicheng. Evaluating the reliability of global historical land use scenarios for forest data in China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(7): 1083-1094. |
[8] | LIU Ruiqing, XU Hao, LI Jialin, PU Ruiliang, SUN Chao, CAO Luodan, JIANG Yimei, TIAN Peng, WANG Lijia, GONG Hongbo. Ecosystem service valuation of bays in East China Sea and its response to sea reclamation activities [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(7): 1095-1116. |
[9] | FANG Chuanglin, WANG Zhenbo, LIU Haimeng. Beautiful China Initiative: Human-nature harmony theory, evaluation index system and application [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 691-704. |
[10] | CHEN Mingxing, LIANG Longwu, WANG Zhenbo, ZHANG Wenzhong, YU Jianhui, LIANG Yi. Geographical thoughts on the relationship between ‘Beautiful China’ and land spatial planning [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 705-723. |
[11] | TANG Zhipeng, MEI Ziao, LIU Weidong, XIA Yan. Identification of the key factors affecting Chinese carbon intensity and their historical trends using random forest algorithm [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 743-756. |
[12] | WANG Shaojian, GAO Shuang, HUANG Yongyuan, SHI Chenyi. Spatiotemporal evolution of urban carbon emission performance in China and prediction of future trends [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 757-774. |
[13] | SONG Zhouying, ZHU Qiaoling. Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China’s border areas [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 775-793. |
[14] | ZHAO Ting, BAI Hongying, YUAN Yuan, DENG Chenhui, QI Guizeng, ZHAI Danping. Spatio-temporal differentiation of climate warming (1959-2016) in the middle Qinling Mountains of China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(4): 657-668. |
[15] | WANG Jiayue, XIN Liangjie, WANG Yahui. How farmers’ non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China? [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(3): 378-400. |
|