Spatial-temporal variability of the fluctuation of soil temperature in the Babao River Basin, Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s11442-019-1672-4

Abstract

Abstract:

The Babao River Basin is the “water tower” of the Heihe River Basin. The combination of vulnerable ecosystems and inhospitable natural environments substantially restricts the existence of humans and the sustainable development of society and environment in the Heihe River Basin. Soil temperature (ST) is a critical soil variable that could affect a series of physical, chemical and biological soil processes, which is the guarantee of water conservation and vegetation growth in this region. To measure the temporal variation and spatial pattern of ST fluctuation in the Babao River Basin, fluctuation of ST at various depths were analyzed with ST data at depths of 4, 10 and 20 cm using classical statistical methods and permutation entropy. The study results show the following: 1) There are variations of ST at different depths, although ST followed an obvious seasonal law. ST at shallower depths is higher than at deeper depths in summer, and vice versa in winter. The difference of ST between different depths is close to zero when ST is near 5℃ in March or -5℃ in September. 2) In spring, ST at the shallower depths becomes higher than at deeper depths as soon as ST is above -5℃; this is reversed in autumn when ST is below 5℃. ST at a soil depth of 4 cm is the first to change, followed by ST at 10 and 20 cm, and the time that ST reaches the same level is delayed for 10-15 days. In chilling and warming seasons, September and February are, respectively, the months when ST at various depths are similar. 3) The average PE values of ST for 17 sites at 4 cm are 0.765 in spring > 0.764 in summer > 0.735 in autumn > 0.723 in winter, which implies the complicated degree of fluctuations of ST. 4) For the variation of ST at different depths, it appears that Max, Ranges, Average and the Standard Deviation of ST decrease by depth increments in soil. Surface soil is more complicated because ST fluctuation at shallower depths is more pronounced and random. The average PE value of ST for 17 sites are 0.863 at a depth of 4 cm > 0.818 at 10 cm > 0.744 at 20 cm. 5) For the variation of ST at different elevations, it appears that Max, Ranges, Average, Standard Deviation and ST fluctuation decrease with increasing elevation at the same soil depth. And with the increase of elevation, the decrease rates of Max, Range, Average, Standard Deviation at 4 cm are -0.89℃/100 m, -0.94℃/100 m, -0.43℃/100 m, and -0.25℃/100 m, respectively. In addition, this correlation decreased with the increase of soil depth. 6) Significant correlation between PE values of ST at depths of 4, 10 and 20 cm can easily be found. This finding implies that temperature can easily be transmitted within soil at depths between 4 and 20 cm. 7) For the variation of ST on shady slope and sunny slope sides, it appears that the PE values of ST at 4, 10 and 20 cm for 8 sites located on shady slope side are 0.868, 0.824 and 0.776, respectively, whereas they are 0.858, 0.810 and 0.716 for 9 sites located on sunny slope side.

Key words: soil temperature, spatial-temporal fluctuation, classical statistical methods, permutation entropy, Babao River Basin

NING Lixin, CHENG Changxiu, SHEN Shi. Spatial-temporal variability of the fluctuation of soil temperature in the Babao River Basin, Northwest China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(9): 1475-1490.

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Soil depth	Max	Min	Range	Average	Standard deviation
ST_4 cm	-0.814**	0.057	-0.634**	-0.648**	-0.646**
ST_10 cm	-0.757**	-0.229	-0.396	-0.695**	-0.490*
ST_20 cm	-0.792**	-0.343	-0.311	-0.749**	-0.439*

Site	Elevation	Spring	Summer	Autumn	Winter
26	3045	0.786	0.795	0.813	0.729
30	3091	0.746	0.788	0.692	0.745
33	3335	0.779	0.778	0.775	0.800
34	3356	0.750	0.767	0.779	0.761
42	3413	0.752	0.758	0.755	0.774
29	3414	0.778	0.748	0.759	0.721
13	3462	0.751	0.772	0.749	0.693
49	3478	0.799	0.768	0.780	0.763
10	3484	0.757	0.764	0.751	0.707
47	3515	0.791	0.759	0.798	0.772
20	3538	0.723	0.746	0.761	0.756
41	3635	0.764	0.785	0.671	0.641
12	3766	0.744	0.773	0.694	0.692
16	3792	0.775	0.739	0.690	0.766
24	3813	0.796	0.813	0.770	0.610
39	3829	0.760	0.752	0.624	0.726
45	3843	0.748	0.689	0.637	0.640
Average	-	0.765	0.764	0.735	0.723
Correlation coefficient	1	-0.047	-0.406	-0.580*	-0.488*

Elevation	Site	PE (ST_4 cm)	PE(ST_10 cm)	PE (ST_20 cm)
3045	26	0.898	0.854	0.825
3091	30	0.869	0.837	0.789
3335	33	0.899	0.865	0.766
3356	34	0.881	0.811	0.705
3413	42	0.883	0.84	0.773
3414	29	0.861	0.811	0.755
3462	13	0.866	0.822	0.794
3478	49	0.859	0.823	0.746
3484	10	0.848	0.812	0.738
3515	47	0.903	0.833	0.792
3538	20	0.863	-	0.742
3635	41	0.825	0.749	0.613
3766	12	0.84	0.8	0.772
3792	16	0.87	0.817	0.691
3813	24	0.871	0.828	0.756
3829	39	0.824	0.762	0.722
3843	45	0.804	-	0.676
Average		0.863	0.818	0.744

Correlation coefficient	Elevation	PE (ST_4 cm)	PE (ST_10 cm)	PE (ST_20 cm)
Elevation	1	-0.629**	-0.595*	-0.556*
PE (ST_4 cm)	-	1	0.889**	0.654**
PE (ST_10 cm)	-	-	1	0.755**
PE (ST_20 cm)	-	-	-	1

	Site	PE (ST_4 cm)	PE (ST_10 cm)	PE (ST_20 cm)	Spring (4 cm)	Summer (4 cm)	Autumn (4 cm)	Winter (4 cm)
Shady slope	10	0.848	0.812	0.738	0.757	0.764	0.751	0.707
	12	0.840	0.800	0.772	0.744	0.773	0.694	0.692
	13	0.866	0.822	0.794	0.751	0.772	0.749	0.693
	26	0.898	0.854	0.825	0.786	0.795	0.813	0.729
	29	0.861	0.811	0.755	0.778	0.748	0.759	0.721
	30	0.869	0.837	0.789	0.746	0.788	0.692	0.745
	47	0.903	0.833	0.792	0.791	0.759	0.798	0.772
	49	0.859	0.823	0.746	0.799	0.768	0.780	0.763
Average value		0.868	0.824	0.776	0.769	0.771	0.754	0.728
Sunny slope	16	0.870	0.817	0.691	0.775	0.739	0.690	0.766
	20	0.863	-	0.742	0.723	0.746	0.761	0.756
	24	0.871	0.828	0.756	0.796	0.813	0.770	0.610
	33	0.899	0.865	0.766	0.779	0.778	0.775	0.800
	34	0.881	0.811	0.705	0.750	0.767	0.779	0.761
	39	0.824	0.762	0.722	0.760	0.752	0.624	0.726
	41	0.825	0.749	0.613	0.764	0.785	0.671	0.641
	42	0.883	0.840	0.773	0.752	0.758	0.755	0.774
	45	0.804	-	0.676	0.748	0.689	0.637	0.640
Average value		0.858	0.810	0.716	0.761	0.759	0.718	0.719