Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (8): 1300-1314.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1660-8
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
YU Jianhui1,2, LI Jiaming1,2,*(), ZHANG Wenzhong1,2
Received:
2018-09-17
Accepted:
2018-12-20
Online:
2019-08-25
Published:
2019-12-13
Contact:
LI Jiaming
E-mail:lijm.12b@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Yu Jianhui (1983-), PhD and Associate Professor, specialized in resource-based cities development studies. E-mail: yujh@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
YU Jianhui, LI Jiaming, ZHANG Wenzhong. Identification and classification of resource-based cities in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(8): 1300-1314.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
China’s historically significant mines and their cities"
City | Mine and year extraction began | City | Mine and year extraction began |
---|---|---|---|
Hegang | Hegang Coal Mine (1917) | Datong | Datong Coal Mine (1907) |
Jixi | Jixi Coal Mine (1925) | Tangshan | Kailuan Coal Mine (1881) |
Liaoyuan | Xi’an Coal Mine (1912) | Hebi | Hebi Coal Mine (1912) |
Anshan | Qidashan Iron Mine (1918) | Jiaozuo | Jiaozuo Coal Mine (1898) |
Benxi | Benxihu Iron Mine (1904) | Yima* | Yima Coal Mine (1919) |
Fushun | Fushun Coal Mine (1901) | Zaozhuang | Zaozhuang Coal Mine (1818) |
Fuxin | Fuxin Coal Mine (1936) | Huainan | Huainan Coal Mine (1911) |
Beipiao* | Beipiao Coal Mine (1921) | Pingxiang | Pingxiang Coal Mine (1898) |
Ruichang | Tongling Copper Mine (Shang Dynasty) | Zigong | salt mining (Ming Dynasty) |
Hancheng* | Hancheng Coal Mine (1931) | Yumen* | Yumen Oilfield (1939) |
Shizuishan | Shizuishan Coal Mine (1949) | Gejiu * | Gejiu Tin Mine (1886) |
Lengshuijiang* | Xikuangshan Antimony and Coal Mine (1860) | Jingdezhen | Yetao (1,800+ years) |
Tongling | Tongguanshan Copper Mine (Shang Dynasty) | Daye | Daye Iron Mine (1890) |
Tongren | Wanshan Mercury Mine (Tang Dynasty) | Heshan* | Heshan Coal Mine (1919) |
Table 2
List of places with significant mineral resource reserves"
Place | Resource type | Location of reserves | Place | Resource type | Location of reserves | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global significance | National significance | Global significance | National significance | ||||
Ningwu County | Bauxite | √ | Yingcheng City | Gypsum | √ | ||
Yuanqu County | Copper | √ | Chenzhou City | Tungsten, Bismuth, Molybdenum, Tin, Zinc | √ | ||
Baotou City | Rare earth | √ | Changning City | Lead, Zinc, Tin, Boron, Wollastonite | √ | ||
Xilinhot City | Germanium | √ | Hechi City | Indium | √ | ||
Anshan City | Iron | √ | Pinggui District | Calcium | √ | ||
Yangjiazhangzi District | Molybdenum | √ | Cenxi City | Granite | √ | ||
Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County | Magnestite, Jade | √ | Changjiang County | Iron ore | √ | ||
Kuandian County | Boron | √ | Ya’an City | Asbestos | √ | ||
Haicheng City | Talc | √ | Mianzhu City | Phosphorus | √ | ||
Fengcheng City | Boron, Andalusite | √ | Kaiyang County | Phosphorus | √ | ||
Linjiang City | Diatomite, Dolomite | √ | Qingzhen City | Bauxite | √ | ||
Daxinganling Region | Lumber | √ | Lanping County | Lead-zinc ore | √ | ||
Xunke County | Pearlite | √ | Maguan County | Indium, Tin | √ | ||
Longyan Iron | Iron, Copper, Kaolinite | √ | Qusong County | Chromium | √ | ||
Nanping City | Niobium-tantalum | √ | Weinan City | Molybdenum, Lead, Copper, Niobium, Selenium, Iron, Bauxite, Rhenium | √ | ||
Ganzhou City | Tungsten | √ | Tongguan County | Gold | √ | ||
Dexing City | Copper | √ | Golmud City | Potassium, Magnesium, Lithium, Boron, Bromine, Iodine, Rubidium | √ | ||
Pingdu City | Graphite | √ | Fuyun County | Non-ferrous metal | √ | ||
Xingtai City | Kyanite | √ | Ruoqiang County | Potassium Chloride | √ | ||
Luanchuan County | Molybdenum, Tungsten | √ | Hami City | Nickel, Copper | √ | ||
Zhongxiang City | Phosphorus | √ |
Table 3
Administrative status of resource-dependent cities"
City category | Pref-level city | County-level city | County | Municipal district | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Ratio | No. | Ratio | No. | Ratio | No. | Ratio | |
Growing | 20 | 15.6% | 7 | 11.3% | 4 | 6.9% | 0 | 0.0% |
Mature | 66 | 51.6% | 29 | 46.8% | 46 | 79.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
Declining | 26 | 20.3% | 22 | 35.5% | 5 | 8.6% | 14 | 100.0% |
Regenerating | 16 | 12.5% | 4 | 6.5% | 3 | 5.2% | 0 | 0.0% |
Total | 128 | 100.0% | 62 | 100.0% | 58 | 100.0% | 14 | 100.0% |
Table 4
Characteristics, problems and transformations of the four categories of resource-dependent cities"
City category | Main characteristics | Main problems | Transformations |
---|---|---|---|
Growing | Large reserves, large-scale exploitation, rapid economic growth | Unregulated resource extraction and unbalanced economic development | Regulating extraction, managing development, expanding resource industry chain |
Mature | Large, stable resource exploitation, mature system of resource extraction, transportation and processing | Severe environmental damage and multiple conflicts over distribution of benefits from resource exploitation | Greater environmental governance and increased social undertakings |
Declining | Resources reaching depletion and weak internal drivers of development | Deteriorating living conditions for miners and high unemployment, plagued by historical legacies such as slums, social security debt and geological disasters | Stimulating re-employment, transforming slums, supporting social security, recovery and treatment of mining areas |
Regenerating | Vast majority of mining activities have ceased and development no longer dependent on resources | Limited innovative development and incomplete development of urban functions | Improving quality of economic development, increased levels of openness and innovation, improved urban functions |
Table 5
Comparison of indicators for four categories of resource-dependent cities"
Type | Indicator | Growing | Mature | Declining | Regenerating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | Average GDP (100 million yuan) | 1402 | 1313 | 844 | 2590 |
Public financial pressure coefficient | 2.58 | 2.58 | 2.44 | 1.76 | |
Average distance to the nearest provincial capital (km) | 233 | 171 | 184 | 199 | |
Industrial | Management function specialization coefficient | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.64 |
Mining and manufacturing ratio | 1.71 | 0.86 | 1.23 | 0.34 | |
Diversity coefficient | 3.00 | 3.82 | 4.10 | 5.83 | |
Industrial agglomeration | 32.76% | 38.05% | 54.24% | 49.44% | |
Social | Average per capita road area (m2) | 9.92 | 12.17 | 11.79 | 12.74 |
Logistical connectivity | 7.05 | 16.30 | 10.54 | 8.40 | |
Environmental | Sulfur dioxide emissions (tons/100 million yuan) | 45.4 | 41.3 | 51.3 | 32.6 |
Industrial wastewater discharge (tons/100 million yuan) | 2.42 | 3.69 | 4.71 | 2.70 |
[1] | Bade F J, Laaser C F, Soltwedel R , 2004. Urban specialization in the internet age: Empirical findings for Germany. Kiel Working Paper, No. 1215. |
[2] | Duranton G, Puga D , 2001. Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, 91(5):1454-1477. |
[3] | Duranton G, Puga D , 2003. Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 4(4):2063-2117. |
[4] | Duranton G, Puga D , 2005. From sectoral to functional urban specialization. Journal of Urban Economics, 57(2):343-370. |
[5] | Fan Jie , 1993. A study on the industrial structure transformation of coal-mine cities in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 48(3):218-225. (in Chinese) |
[6] | Fang Chuanglin, Wang Yan , 2015. A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(2):234-247. (in Chinese) |
[7] | Han Fengqin, Wan Shouqiong , 2014. Classified to promote the sustainable development of resource-based cities in China. Review of Economic Research, ( 54):5-11. (in Chinese) |
[8] | Harris C D , 1943. A functional classification of cities in the United States. Geographical Review, 33(1):86-99. |
[9] | Hu Kui , 2001. The basic problems of China’s mining cities. Resources & Industries, 3(5):1-7. (in Chinese) |
[10] | Li Wenyan , 1978. Industrial development and urban planning in coal mine cities. Acta Geographica Sinica, 33(1):63-79. (in Chinese) |
[11] | Liu Yungang , 2006. The reconsideration of the method to define Chinese resource-based cities. Economic Geography, 26(6):940-944. (in Chinese) |
[12] | Liu Yungang , 2009. The functional classification and the characteristics of functional transition of Chinese resource-based cities. Geographical Research, 28(1):153-160. (in Chinese) |
[13] | Ma Qingyu , 1986. Development and Layout of Industrial and Mining Cities. Regional Studies on Urban and Industrial Distribution. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[14] | Macroeconomic Research Group of National Planning Commission ( MRGNPC), 2002. The definition and classification of resource-based cities in China. Macroeconomics, ( 11):37-39. (in Chinese) |
[15] | Nelson H J , 1955. A service classification of American cities. Economic Geography, 31(3):189-210. |
[16] | Shen Lei, Cheng Jing , 1999. A preliminary discussion on the mechanism of mining cities for sustainable development. Resources Science, 21(1):44-50. (in Chinese) |
[17] | Wang Qingyun , 2003. Study on the Economic Transformation of Resource-Based Cities. Beijing: China Economic Publishing House. (in Chinese) |
[18] | Wu Chunyou, Ye Ying , 2000. Study of the issue of transformation of the industry for the resource-typed cities. Journal of Dalian University of Technology (Social Sciences), 21(3):6-9. (in Chinese) |
[19] | Xiao Jingsong, Li Hongjun , 2009. A study on definitions and classification of resource-based cities in China. Sino-Global Energy, 14(11):15-20. (in Chinese) |
[20] | Yu Jicong, Liu Yuexiang , 2009. Study on the Definition of Mining City and its Sustainable Development Ability. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. (in Chinese) |
[21] | Zhang Jianhua, Wang Gaoshang , 2003. Mining dependence and quantitative classification of China mining cities. Resources & Industries, 5(6):85-89. (in Chinese) |
[22] | Zhang Wenzhong, Yu Jianhui, Wang Dai et al., 2014. Research on the Sustainable Development of Resource-based Cities in China. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
[23] | Zhang Yicheng , 1999. The present situation and sustainable development countermeasures of mining cities in China. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology (Social Science), ( 1):75-78. (in Chinese) |
[24] | Zhao Kangjie, Zhao Yujuan , 2011. The definition and classification of resource-based cities: A case study of Shanxi province. China Urban Economy, ( 30):40-43. (in Chinese) |
[25] | Zhao Yukong , 1995. China’ s Mining City: Structural Adjustment and Sustainable Development. Changchun: Jilin Science and Technology Press. (in Chinese) |
[26] | Zhou Changqing , 1994. On the attributes and structures of resources-model cities and their coordinating development. Reform of Economic System, ( 5):23-30. (in Chinese) |
[27] | Zhou Yixing, Roy Bradshaw , 1988. The classification of industrial function of Chinese cities (including attached counties): Theory, method and results. Acta Geographica Sinica, 43(4):287-298. (in Chinese) |
[28] | Zhou Yixing, Sun Zexing , 1997. Rediscussion on China’s urban function classification. Geographical Research, 16(1):11-22. (in Chinese) |
[1] | ZHANG Yongyong, CHEN Qiutan, XIA Jun. Investigation on flood event variations at space and time scales in the Huaihe River Basin of China using flood behavior classification [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(12): 2053-2075. |
[2] | DONG Yaqing, LU Zi, LIU Yuan, ZHANG Qiuluan, WU Dianshuang. China’s corridors-in-the-sky design and space-time congestion identification and the influence of air routes’ traffic flow [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(12): 1999-2014. |
[3] | Chengjin WANG, Peiran CHEN, Yunhao CHEN. The identification of global strategic shipping pivots and their spatial patterns [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(9): 1215-1232. |
[4] | Peng PENG, Shifen CHENG, Jinhai CHEN, Mengdi LIAO, Lin WU, Xiliang LIU, Feng LU. A fine-grained perspective on the robustness of global cargo ship transportation networks [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(7): 881-899. |
[5] | Kun QIAO, Wenquan ZHU, Deyong HU, Ming HAO, Shanshan CHEN, Shisong CAO. Examining the distribution and dynamics of impervious surface in different function zones in Beijing [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(5): 669-684. |
[6] | Haigen ZHAO, Yuyu TANG, Shengtian YANG. Dynamic identification of soil erosion risk in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin in China from 1978 to 2010 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(2): 175-192. |
[7] | Xiaojun YAO, Shiyin LIU, Lei HAN, Meiping SUN, Linlin ZHAO. Definition and classification system of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(2): 193-205. |
[8] | Huimin YAN, Fang LIU, Jiyuan LIU, Xiangming XIAO, Yuanwei QIN. Status of land use intensity in China and its impacts on land carrying capacity [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(4): 387-402. |
[9] | Jiao WANG, Weiming CHENG, Chenghu ZHOU, Xinqi ZHENG. Automatic mapping of lunar landforms using DEM-derived geomorphometric parameters [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(11): 1413-1427. |
[10] | NOJAROV Peter. Genetic climatic regionalization of the Balkan Peninsula using cluster analysis [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(1): 43-61. |
[11] | Erfu DAI, Zhuo WU, Xiaofan WANG, Hua FU, Weimin XI, Tao PAN. Progress and prospect of research on forest landscape model [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(1): 113-128. |
[12] | Brendon BLUE, Gary BRIERLEY, YU Guo-an. Geodiversity in the Yellow River source zone [J]. , 2013, 23(5): 775-792. |
[13] | Tami NICOLL, Gary BRIERLEY, YU Guo-an. A broad overview of landscape diversity of the Yellow River source zone [J]. , 2013, 23(5): 793-816. |
[14] | ZHAO Yan, WANG Zhiguo, SUN Baoping, ZHANG Chao, JI Qiang, FENG Lei, SHI Mingchang. A study on scheme of soil and water conservation regionalization in China [J]. , 2013, 23(4): 721-734. |
[15] | LUO Yanyun, LIU Tingxi, WANG Xixi, DUAN Limin, ZHANG Shengwei, SHI Junxiao. Landform classification using soil data and remote sensing in northern Ordos Plateau of China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2012, 22(4): 681-698. |
|