Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (6): 959-970.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1639-5
• Special Issue: Water Resources in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region • Previous Articles Next Articles
Guohua HE1,2, Yong ZHAO1,2*(), Jianhua WANG1,2, Yongnan ZHU1,2, Shan JIANG1,2, Haihong LI1,2, Qingming WANG1,2
Received:
2018-05-12
Accepted:
2018-11-23
Online:
2019-06-25
Published:
2019-07-25
About author:
Author: He Guohua (1990-), PhD, specialized in water-energy nexus. E-mail:
Supported by:
Guohua HE, Yong ZHAO, Jianhua WANG, Yongnan ZHU, Shan JIANG, Haihong LI, Qingming WANG. The effects of urban water cycle on energy consumption in Beijing, China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 959-970.
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Table 1
Energy intensity for various water processes in Beijing and the data sources"
Item | Value | Data sources | |
---|---|---|---|
Water supply amount | Water supply amount of different sources (108 m3) | — | |
Pumping lift | Groundwater pump (m) | — | |
Surface water lift (m) | — | ||
Parameters and energy quota | Efficiency of electrical motors (%) | 40 | Shah et al. (2009) Karimi et al. (2012) |
Efficiency of diesel motors (%) | 15 | Shah et al. (2009) Karimi et al. (2012) | |
Water lost rate in water supply network (%) | 15 | Beijing 13th Five-year Water- saving | |
Fresh water treatment (kWh/m3) | 0.374 | ||
Fresh water distribution (kWh/m3) | 0.441 | ||
Wastewater collection (kWh/m3) | 0.2 | ||
Wastewater treatment (kWh/m3) | 0.33 | ||
Recycled water treatment (kWh/m3) | 0.84 | ||
Energy intensity for bathing (kWh/m3) | 31.5 | ||
Energy intensity for cooking water use (kWh/m3) | 99.2 | ||
Energy intensity for hot water drinking (kWh/m3) | 99.2 | ||
Energy intensity for washing machine (kWh/m3) | 7.5 | ||
Energy intensity for office water use (kWh/m3) | 6.6 | ||
Energy intensity for school water use (kWh/m3) | 5.7 | ||
Energy intensity for hotel water use (kWh/m3) | 22 | ||
Energy intensity for restaurant water use (kWh/m3) | 69 | Turiel et al. (1987) Arpke and | |
Energy intensity for hospital water use (kWh/m3) | 58 | Turiel et al. (1987) Arpke and |
Table 2
Water saving activities implemented in 2016-2020"
Water cycle | Option | Unit | Current value | Plan value in 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water production | Reduce groundwater exploitation by increasing the use of inter-basin transfer water | 104 m3 | 0 | 26000 |
Treatment and distribution | Reduce leakage rate of urban water supply network | % | 15 | 10 |
End use | Improve industrial water recycling rate | % | 89.7 | 91.4 |
Improve the utilization efficiency of irrigation water in farmland | % | 0.705 | 0.75 | |
Recycled water treatment | Reduce groundwater exploitation by increasing the use of recycled water | 104 m3 | 0 | 15100 |
Table 3
Comparison between results from other studies"
Author and region | Water-sector processes | Estimated energy intensity (kWh/m3) | Beijing water sector processes | Estimated energy intensity (kWh/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cohen et al. San Diego, USA | Supply and treatment | 0.06-3.4 | Water production (Surface water, ground-water and inter-basin transfer water) | 0.25 |
Residential end use | 0-22 | Fresh water treatment | 0.374 | |
Wastewater treatment | 0.11-0.79 | Fresh water distribution | 0.441 | |
Klein California, USA | Water supply/conveyance | 0-3.69 | Wastewater collection | 0.2 |
Water treatment | 0.03-4.23 | Wastewater treatment | 0.33 | |
Water distribution | 0.2-0.32 | Recycled water treatment | 0.84 | |
Wastewater collection and treatment | 0.29-1.22 | Domestic water use | 28.9 | |
Recycled water treatment and distribution | 0.11-0.32 | Public domestic use | 18.9 | |
Goldstein and Smith, USA | Surface-water treatment | 0.371-0.392 | Industry | 15.8 |
Wastewater treatment | 0.177-0.780 | |||
Griffiths, USA | Heating of residential water | 32 |
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