Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (5): 730-748.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1624-z
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Zhi CAO1,2(
), Yurui LI1,2,*(), Zhengjia LIU1,2, Lingfan YANG3
Received:2018-07-20
Accepted:2018-12-20
Online:2019-05-25
Published:2019-04-19
Contact:
Yurui LI
E-mail:caoz.14b@igsnrr.ac.cn;liyr@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:Author: Cao Zhi, PhD, specialized in land science and rural development. E-mail:
Supported by:Zhi CAO, Yurui LI, Zhengjia LIU, Lingfan YANG. Quantifying the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province 1995-2015[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 730-748.
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Figure 1
The digital elevation map of the loess hilly region in northern Shaanxi Province"
Figure 2
The schematic of relative elevation (RE) calculation method"
Figure 3
Statistical characteristics of grid-based absolute elevation and relative elevation in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province"
Figure 4
Patterns of grid-based absolute elevation and relative elevation in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province"
Table 1
Cross matrix between different classifications of absolute elevation (AE) and relative elevation (RE) in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province"
| Absolute elevation (m) | Relative elevation (m, %) | Total (AE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0-23 | 23-55 | 55-84 | 84-120 | 120-554 | ||
| 374-1033 | 6.35 | 4.55 | 3.62 | 3.05 | 2.51 | 20.09 |
| 1033-1147 | 4.00 | 4.85 | 4.61 | 3.86 | 2.73 | 20.04 |
| 1147-1270 | 3.46 | 4.49 | 4.57 | 4.28 | 3.30 | 20.09 |
| 1270-1449 | 3.71 | 3.39 | 3.79 | 4.49 | 4.56 | 19.93 |
| 1449-1913 | 2.78 | 3.10 | 3.28 | 4.23 | 6.46 | 19.86 |
| Total (RE) | 20.30 | 20.37 | 19.87 | 19.90 | 19.56 | 100.00 |
Figure 5
Structure of land use with absolute elevation and relative elevation in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province in 2015Note: abbreviations are defined as the two letters indicating land use types and the last two letters indicating classification of absolute/relative elevation. CL, cropland; WL, woodland; GL, grassland; WB, water body; BL, built-up land; UL, unused land; AE, classification of absolute elevation; RE, classification of relative elevation. AE1, the first class of absolute elevation; RE1, the first class of relative elevation."
Table 2
Transitions in percentages of total land use observed in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 1995-2000 (%)"
| Year 1995 | 2000 | Total (1995) | Loss | Net gain in 2000 | Changes in 2000 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CL | WL | GL | WB | BL | UL | |||||
| CL | 38.98 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 39.09 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| WL | 0.02 | 15.44 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.48 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.55 |
| GL | 0.09 | 0.10 | 43.68 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 43.89 | 0.21 | -0.16 | -0.37 |
| WB | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.02 | -0.01 | -1.80 |
| BL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 5.29 |
| UL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 10.46 |
| Total (2000) | 39.10 | 15.56 | 43.73 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.59 | 100.00 | 0.37 | ||
| Gain | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.37 | |||
Table 3
Transitions in percentages of total land use observed in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 2000-2005 (%)"
| Year 2000 | 2005 | Total (2000) | Loss | Net gain in 2005 | Changes in 2005 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CL | WL | GL | WB | BL | UL | |||||
| CL | 37.23 | 1.06 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 39.10 | 1.87 | -1.79 | -4.58 |
| WL | 0.00 | 15.55 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.56 | 0.01 | 1.54 | 9.87 |
| GL | 0.06 | 0.49 | 43.15 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 43.73 | 0.58 | 0.22 | 0.50 |
| WB | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.01 | -0.01 | -1.03 |
| BL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 13.49 |
| UL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.02 | 0.00 | -0.15 |
| Total (2005) | 37.31 | 17.10 | 43.94 | 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.59 | 100.00 | 2.49 | ||
| Gain | 0.08 | 1.55 | 0.79 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.49 | |||
Table 4
Transitions in percentages of total land use observed in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 2005-2010 (%)"
| Year 2005 | 2010 | Total (2005) | Loss | Net gain in 2010 | Changes in 2010 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CL | WL | GL | WB | BL | UL | |||||
| CL | 37.08 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 37.31 | 0.23 | -0.22 | -0.60 |
| WL | 0.00 | 17.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.10 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 1.37 |
| GL | 0.00 | 0.07 | 43.87 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 43.94 | 0.07 | -0.02 | -0.04 |
| WB | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 |
| BL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 2.38 |
| UL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.75 |
| Total (2010) | 37.09 | 17.33 | 43.92 | 0.66 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 100.00 | 0.31 | ||
| Gain | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.31 | |||
Table 5
Transitions in percentages of total land use observed in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 2010-2015 (%)"
| Year 2010 | 2015 | Total (2010) | Loss | Net gain in 2015 | Changes in 2015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CL | WL | GL | WB | BL | UL | |||||
| CL | 36.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 37.09 | 0.15 | -0.11 | -0.29 |
| WL | 0.01 | 17.28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 17.33 | 0.05 | -0.05 | -0.30 |
| GL | 0.03 | 0.00 | 43.66 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 43.92 | 0.27 | -0.26 | -0.59 |
| WB | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.61 |
| BL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 77.88 |
| UL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 15.80 |
| Total (2015) | 36.98 | 17.28 | 43.66 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 100.00 | 0.51 | ||
| Gain | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.51 | |||
Table 6
Transitions in percentages of total land use observed in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 1995-2015 (%)"
| Year 1995 | 2015 | Total (1995) | Loss | Net gain in 2015 | Changes in 2015 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CL | WL | GL | WB | BL | UL | |||||
| CL | 36.75 | 1.24 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 39.09 | 2.33 | -2.11 | -5.40 |
| WL | 0.03 | 15.39 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 15.48 | 0.09 | 1.80 | 11.65 |
| GL | 0.17 | 0.65 | 42.78 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 43.89 | 1.11 | -0.22 | -0.51 |
| WB | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.00 | -0.67 |
| BL | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 117.62 |
| UL | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 26.77 |
| Total (2015) | 36.98 | 17.28 | 43.66 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 100.00 | 3.61 | ||
| Gain | 0.22 | 1.89 | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 3.61 | |||
Figure 6
Patterns of land use change in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 1995-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2015, and 1995-2015Note: The abbreviations “CL”, “WL”, “GL”, “BL” and “UL” are defined in the note for Figure 5."
Figure 7
Structure of land use change with absolute elevation and relative elevation in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 1995-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2015, and 1995-2015Note: the abbreviations are based on the period and classification of absolute/relative elevation, e.g. 95-00AE for 1995-2000 and AE indicates classification with absolute elevation; RE indicates classification with relative elevation."
Table 7
The five top ranked land-use conversion types in absolute and relative elevation in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province"
| Time | Absolute elevation | Relative elevation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Class | % | Type | Class | % | |
| 1995-2000 | GL→WL GL→CL GL→WL GL→CL CL→UL | C5 C1 C1 C2 C3 | 9.02 7.13 6.31 6.06 5.88 | GL→WL GL→WL GL→CL GL→CL GL→WL | C1 C2 C5 C2 C3 | 7.26 6.12 5.37 5.17 4.92 |
| 2000-2005 | CL→GL CL→WL CL→GL CL→WL CL→WL | C3 C4 C2 C5 C1 | 10.56 10.34 10.01 9.37 7.90 | CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL CL→GL CL→GL | C5 C4 C3 C4 C3 | 12.99 10.38 8.15 7.67 6.92 |
| 2005-2010 | CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL GL→WL | C2 C1 C5 C3 C3 | 14.79 14.05 11.02 9.94 7.77 | CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL | C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 | 13.25 13.05 11.63 9.60 7.37 |
| 2010-2015 | GL→BL CL→BL CL→BL GL→BL GL→UL | C3 C3 C1 C2 C1 | 19.07 8.14 6.56 6.13 4.59 | GL→BL GL→BL CL→BL GL→BL CL→BL | C1 C2 C1 C3 C2 | 12.33 11.42 8.90 6.55 5.65 |
| 1995-2015 | CL→GL CL→WL CL→WL CL→GL CL→WL | C3 C4 C5 C2 C1 | 7.97 7.66 7.43 7.28 6.72 | CL→WL CL→WL CL→WL CL→GL CL→WL | C5 C4 C3 C4 C2 | 10.13 8.29 6.64 5.65 5.35 |
Figure 8
Vertical distribution of main land-use conversion types with two classifications of absolute elevation and relative elevation in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province during 2000-2005, 2005-2010 and 2010-2015Note: The abbreviations “CL”, “WL”, “GL”, “BL” and “UL” are defined in the note for Figure 5 and abbreviations for “C1”, “C2”, “C3”,” “C4” and “C5” are defined in the note for Figure 7."
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