Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 163-179.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1590-5
• Research Articles • Next Articles
Li MA1,2(), Hualou LONG1,*(
), Yingnan ZHANG1,2, Shuangshuang TU1,3, Dazhuan GE4, Xiaosong TU1,5,*(
)
Received:
2018-08-18
Accepted:
2018-09-25
Online:
2019-02-25
Published:
2019-02-25
Contact:
Hualou LONG,Xiaosong TU
E-mail:mal.17b@igsnrr.ac.cn;longhl@igsnrr.ac.cn;tuxiaosong@jxufe.edu.cn
About author:
Author: Ma Li (1991-), PhD, specialized in urban-rural development and land use. E-mail:
Supported by:
Li MA, Hualou LONG, Yingnan ZHANG, Shuangshuang TU, Dazhuan GE, Xiaosong TU. Agricultural labor changes and agricultural economic development in China and their implications for rural vitalization[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(2): 163-179.
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Table 1
The coupling relationship types between agricultural labor change and economic development"
Type | ECRmn | LCRmn | ELECmn | ELEC characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|
Growth | ECRmn > 0 | LCRmn > 0 | ELECmn > 1 | The agricultural economy grows faster than the agricultural labor population |
Extensive | ECRmn > 0 | LCRmn > 0 | 0 < ELECmn < 1 | The agricultural economy grows slower than the agricultural labor population |
Intensive | ECRmn > 0 | LCRmn < 0 | ELECmn < 0 | The agricultural economy grows, but the agricultural labor population decreases |
Lagged | ECRmn < 0 | LCRmn > 0 | ELECmn < 0 | The agricultural economy declines, but the agricultural labor population increases |
Fading | ECRmn < 0 | LCRmn < 0 | ELECmn > 1 | The agricultural economy declines faster than the agricultural labor population |
Declining | ECRmn < 0 | LCRmn < 0 | 0 < ELECmn < 1 | The agricultural labor population declines faster than the agricultural economy |
Table 2
Changes in the ELEC and corresponding coupling types at the county level in China for 1991-2010"
ECR | Coupling type | LCR | ELEC | 1991-2000 | 2000-2010 | 1991-2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ECR > 0 | Growth | LCR > 0 | ELEC > 1 | 701 (34.63%) | 607 (29.99%) | 669 (33.05%) |
Extensive | LCR > 0 | 0 < ELEC < 1 | 160 (7.91%) | 83 (4.1%) | 34 (1.68%) | |
Intensive | LCR < 0 | ELEC < 0 | 980 (48.42%) | 1257 (62.1%) | 1292 (63.83%) | |
ECR < 0 | Lagged | LCR > 0 | ELEC < 0 | 99 (4.89%) | 18 (0.89%) | 9 (0.44%) |
Fading | LCR < 0 | ELEC > 1 | 23 (1.14%) | 22 (1.09%) | 8 (0.4%) | |
Declining | LCR < 0 | 0 < ELEC < 1 | 61 (3.01%) | 37 (1.83%) | 12 (0.59%) |
Table 3
The transfer matrix of the ELEC types at the county level in China for 1991-2010 (%)"
2000-2010 (T2) | P1 | Decrease | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Growth | Extensive | Intensive | Lagged | Fading | Declining | |||
1991-2000 (T1) | ||||||||
Growth | 13.59 | 0.64 | 19.12 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 34.63 | 21.05 |
Extensive | 1.88 | 0.20 | 5.58 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 7.91 | 7.71 |
Intensive | 12.15 | 3.01 | 31.23 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 1.04 | 48.42 | 17.19 |
Lagged | 1.63 | 0.10 | 2.96 | 0.1 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 4.89 | 4.74 |
Fading | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.14 | 1.14 |
Declining | 0.59 | 0.10 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 3.01 | 3.01 |
P2 | 29.99 | 4.10 | 62.10 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 1.83 | 100 | |
Increase | 16.40 | 3.90 | 30.88 | 0.74 | 1.09 | 1.83 |
Table 4
ELEC coupling characteristics and rural vitalization paths"
Type of economic development | Coupling type | Spatial distribution | Basic feature | Vitalization path |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agricultural economic growth area | Growth | Mainly distributed in western Sichuan, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, most of Inner Mongolia, and northeast China | Physical and geographical location conditions are relatively poor; lacking substantial progress in industrial adjustment; heavily dependent on resources | Accelerating transformation of the industrial structure; moderately guiding land scale management; actively cultivating new management types; strengthening the construction of rural professional talent |
Extensive | Mainly distributed in western Sichuan, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang, and some counties in Heilongjiang | Physical and geographical location conditions are relatively poor; deep poverty; unclear industrial development orientation | Strengthening policy guidance and support; determining regional functions and highlighting comparative advantages; cultivating new types of rural industries; encouraging diversified economy | |
Intensive | Mainly distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, parts of Sichuan and Chongqing and the Loess Plateau | Rapid economic development, high levels of urbanization and agricultural modernization; core areas for economic growth and high population density | Improving the quality of agricultural development; constructing special towns; promoting the integrated development of rural industries; strengthening grassroots governance and institutional innovation | |
Agricultural economic decline area | Lagged | Centrally distributed on the edge of the Tibet Autonomous Region | Poor physical and geographical location, infertile soil unfavorable for agricultural production; deep poverty; backward ideas, low labor quality and poor labor skills | Reinforcing infrastructure construction and capital investment; cultivating new agricultural management types; emphasizing rural education; attracting talent to return and restructure their hometowns |
Fading | ||||
Declining |
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