Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2019, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (1): 84-100.doi: 10.1007/s11442-019-1585-2
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Haijun DENG1,2,3,4(), Yaning CHEN3, Yang LI5
Received:
2018-05-05
Accepted:
2018-06-08
Online:
2019-01-25
Published:
2019-01-25
About author:
Author: Deng Haijun (1987-), PhD, specialized in climate and hydrological processes in mountains.E-mail:
Supported by:
Haijun DENG, Yaning CHEN, Yang LI. Glacier and snow variations and their impacts on regional water resources in mountains[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 84-100.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
Variations in glacier area in the typical river basins (or glaciers) of the Tianshan Mountains during the 1960s/70s-2010; the glacial serial number in this table is consistent with that in Figure 1"
ID | Basins (or glaciers) | 1960s/70s-2000 (km2/a) | 2000-2010 (km2/a) | 1960s/70s-2000 (%/a) | 2000-2010 (%/a) | Reference sources | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Pskem | -1.08 | -1.11 | -0.52 | -0.63 | Narama et al., 2010 | ||||||
2 | Abramov | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.08 | -0.04 | Barandun et al., 2015 | ||||||
3 | Lower Nargn | -0.29 | -0.23 | -0.35 | -0.30 | Kriegel et al., 2013 | ||||||
4 | At-BashiKirkasi | -1.06 | -0.13 | -0.70 | -0.10 | Kriegel et al., 2013 | ||||||
5 | SE-Fergana | -0.66 | 0.00 | -0.27 | 0.00 | Narama et al., 2010 | ||||||
6 | At-Bashy | -0.39 | -0.51 | -0.35 | -0.50 | Narama et al., 2010 | ||||||
7 | Dzhetim | -6.12 | -4.51 | -1.15 | -1.10 | Hagg et al., 2013 | ||||||
8 | Tuyuksuyskiy | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.56 | -0.82 | Zemp et al., 2012, 2013 | ||||||
9 | Lli-Kungoy | -2.19 | -2.83 | -0.35 | -0.50 | Narama et al., 2010 | ||||||
10 | Akshiirak | -1.22 | -0.18 | -0.60 | -0.10 | Hagg et al., 2013 | ||||||
11 | Karatal river | -1.71 | -1.17 | -0.86 | -0.96 | Kaldybayev et al., 2016 | ||||||
12 | Tomr | -0.32 | -0.47 | -0.08 | -0.11 | Huai et al., 2015 | ||||||
ID | Basins (or glaciers) | 1960s/70s-2000 (km2/a) | 2000-2010 (km2/a) | 1960s/70s-2000 (%/a) | 2000-2010 (%/a) | Reference sources | ||||||
13 | West | -11.24 | -13.85 | -0.50 | -0.65 | He et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2013 | ||||||
14 | North | -1.47 | -3.52 | -0.44 | -1.10 | |||||||
15 | West-central | -0.73 | -0.72 | -1.33 | -1.51 | |||||||
16 | East-central | -4.87 | -8.61 | -0.88 | -1.71 | |||||||
17 | Urumqi glacier No.1 | -0.004 | -0.01 | -0.29 | -0.59 | Zemp et al., 2012, 2013; He et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2013 | ||||||
18 | East | -0.38 | -0.80 | -0.31 | -0.68 | He et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2013 | ||||||
19 | Miaoergou | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.34 | -0.80 | Xie and Jiang, 2014 |
Table 2
Days of snow cover in the Tianshan Mountains during 2002-2013. Max is the date of maximum snow cover in the year, Min is the date of minimum snow cover in the year, and days is the days between the maximum and minimum snow cover"
Year | Max | Min | Days | Year | Max | Min | Days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 | 2002017 | 2002233 | 216 | 2008 | 2008049 | 2008209 | 160 |
2003 | 2003065 | 2003249 | 184 | 2009 | 2009001 | 2009201 | 200 |
2004 | 2004017 | 2001193 | 176 | 2010 | 2010041 | 2010225 | 184 |
2005 | 2005001 | 2005209 | 208 | 2011 | 2011041 | 2011209 | 168 |
2006 | 2006017 | 2006209 | 192 | 2012 | 2012017 | 2012225 | 208 |
2007 | 2007001 | 2007201 | 200 | 2013 | 2013009 | 2013217 | 208 |
Table 3
Characteristics of runoff in the three typical river basins"
Basins | Area (104 km2) | (Glacier area/basin area)*100% | Annual average runoff (108 m3) | Runoff sd (108 m3) | Cv value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aksu River | 4.1932 | 3.8% | 76.15 | 11.61 | 0.15 |
Kaidu River | 1.8631 | 2.2% | 35.53 | 6.78 | 0.19 |
Urumqi River | 0.1114 | 2.75% | 7.93 | 1.09 | 0.14 |
Figure 10
Relationship between glacier characteristic variations and runoff changes in the Urumqi River Basin. (a. glacial variation based on the first and second glacier inventories of China; b. comparison of changes in runoff and the ELV of the Urumqi Glacier No.1; c. comparison of the changes in runoff and mass balance of the Urumqi Glacier No.1)"
[1] | Aizen V, Aizen E, Surazakov A et al., 2008. Is Central Asia really exsiccated? In: Proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, GC53C-07. |
[2] | Aizen V, 2011. Tien Shan Glaciers. In: Singh V P, Singh P, Haritashya U K. Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Dordrecht and Netherlands: Springer, pp.1179. |
[3] |
Barandun M, Huss M, Sold L et al., 2015. Re-analysis of seasonal mass balance at Abramov Glacier 1968-2014. Journal of Glaciology, 61(230): 1103-1117.
doi: 10.3189/2015JoG14J239 |
[4] |
Berghuijs W, Woods R, Hrachowitz M et al., 2014. A precipitation shift from snow towards rain leads to a decrease in streamflow.Nature Climate Change, 4(7): 583-586.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate2246 |
[5] |
Chen J, Wilson C R, Tapley B D et al., 2009. 2005 drought event in the Amazon River basin as measured by GRACE and estimated by climate models.Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B5): B05404.
doi: 10.1029/2008JB006056 |
[6] |
Chen J L, Rodell M, Wilson C R et al., 2005. Low degree spherical harmonic influences on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) water storage estimates.Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L14405.
doi: 10.1029/2005GL022964 |
[7] |
Chen Y N, Li W H, Deng H J et al., 2016. Changes in Central Asia’s Water Tower: Past, present and future.Scientific Reports, 6: 35458.
doi: 10.1038/srep35458 |
[8] |
Chen Y N, Li Z, Fang G H et al., 2017. Impact of climate change on water resources in the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia.Acta Geographica Sinica, 72(1): 18-26. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201701002 |
[9] |
Cheng M, Tapley B D, Ries J C, 2013. Deceleration in the Earth’s oblateness.Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118: 740-747.
doi: 10.1002/jgrb.50058 |
[10] |
Deng H J, Chen Y N, 2017. Influences of recent climate change and human activities on water storage variations in Central Asia. Journal of Hydrology, 544: 46-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.006 |
[11] |
Deng H J, Pepin N, Chen Y N, 2017. Changes of snowfall under warming in the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(14): 7323-7341.
doi: 10.1002/2017JD026524 |
[12] |
Farinotti D, Longuevergne L, Moholdt G et al., 2015. Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years.Nature Geoscience, 8(9): 716-722.
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2513 |
[13] |
Gao X, Ye B S, Zhang S Q et al., 2010. Glacier runoff variation and its influence on river runoff during 1961-2006 in the Tarim River Basin, China.Science China: Earth Science, 40(5): 654-665. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1007/s11430-010-0073-4 |
[14] |
Geruo A, Wahr J, Zhong S, 2013. Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible Earth to surface loading: An application to glacial isostatic adjustment in Antarctica and Canada.Geophysical Journal International, 192(2): 557-572.
doi: 10.1093/gji/ggs030 |
[15] | Guo F X, Xiao Y, Wang F F, 2014. Mascon inversion method of earth surface mass anomaly using GRACE range rate data.Progress in Geophysics, 29(6): 2494-2497. (in Chinese) |
[16] | Guo W Q, Xu J L, Liu S Y et al., 2014. The Second Glacier Inventory Dataset of China (Version 1.0). Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center at Lanzhou. doi: 10.3972/glacier.001.2013.db. |
[17] |
Hagg W, Mayer C, Lambrecht A et al., 2013. Glacier changes in the Big Naryn basin, Central Tian Shan. Global and Planetary Change, 110, Part A, 40-50.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.07.010 |
[18] |
Hansen J, Makiko S, Reto R et al., 2006. Global temperature change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(39): 14288-14293.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606291103 |
[19] |
He Y, Yang T B, Ji Q et al., 2015. Glacier variation in response to climate change in Chinese Tianshan Mountains from 1989 to 2012. Journal of Mountain Science, 12(5): 1189-1202.
doi: 10.1007/s11629-015-3445-6 |
[20] |
Hirsch R, Slack J, 1984. A nonparametric trend test for seasonal data with serial dependence.Water Resources Research, 20(60): 727-732.
doi: 10.1029/WR020i006p00727 |
[21] |
Huai B, Li Z, Sun M et al., 2015. Change in glacier area and thickness in the Tomur Peak, western Chinese Tien Shan over the past four decades.Journal of Earth System Science, 124(2): 353-363.
doi: 10.1007/s12040-015-0541-5 |
[22] |
Immerzeel W, Beek L, Bierkens P, 2010. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science, 328(5984): 1382-1385.
doi: 10.1126/science.1183188 pmid: 20538947 |
[23] |
Jacob T, Wahr J, Pfeffer T et al., 2012. Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise.Nature, 482(7386): 514-518.
doi: 10.1038/nature10847 |
[24] |
Kaldybayev A, Chen Y, Vilesov E, 2016. Glacier change in the Karatal river basin, Zhetysu (Dzhungar) Alatau, Kazakhstan.Annals of Glaciology, 57(71): 11-19.
doi: 10.3189/2016AoG71A005 |
[25] |
Kriegel D, Mayer D, Hagg W et al., 2013. Changes in glacierisation, climate and runo in the second half of the 20th century in the Naryn basin, Central Asia.Global Planetary Change, 110: 1-61.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.016 |
[26] |
Lee H, Beighley R E, Alsdorf D et al., 2011. Characterization of terrestrial water dynamics in the Congo Basin using GRACE and satellite radar altimetry.Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(12): 3530-3538.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.015 |
[27] |
Li B F, Chen Y N, Chen Z S et al., 2012. The effect of climate change during snowmelt period on streamflow in the mountains areas of Northwest China.Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(11): 1461-1470. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z |
[28] | Li J, Yang T B, He Y et al., 2014. Response of glacier retreat to climate in Eastern Tianshan from 1990-2011.Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 21(3): 212-216. (in Chinese) |
[29] | Li X Y, 1982. Regularity of perennial variations in annual runoff for northeastern China and its prognosis.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2(3): 238-246. (in Chinese) |
[30] |
Liu S Y, Sun W X, Shen Y P et al., 2003. Glacier changes since the Little Ice Age maximum in the western Qilian Shan, Northwest China, and consequences of glacier runoff for water supply.Journal of Glaciology, 49(164): 117-124.
doi: 10.3189/172756503781830926 |
[31] |
Liu S Y, Wang N L, Ding Y J et al., 1999. On the characteristics of glacier fluctuations during the last 30 years in Urumqi River Basin and the estimation of temperature rise in the high mountain area.Advance in Earth Sciences, 14(3): 279-285. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1093/ehr/118.477.765 |
[32] | Liu S Y, Yao X J, Guo W Q et al., 2015. The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory.Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(1): 3-16. (in Chinese) |
[33] |
Long D, Yang Y T, Wada Y et al., 2015. Deriving scaling factors using a global hydrological model to restore GRACE total water storage changes for China’s Yangtze River Basin.Remote Sensing of Environment, 168: 177-193.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2015.07.003 |
[34] |
Lutz A, Immerzeel W, Shrestha A et al., 2014. Consistent increase in High Asia’s runoff due to increasing glacier melt and precipitation. Nature Climate Change, 4: 587-592.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate2237 |
[35] |
Matsuo K, Heki K, 2010. Time-variable ice loss in Asian high mountains from satellite gravimetry.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 290(1/2): 30-36.
doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.053 |
[36] |
Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), 2015. Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world.Nature Climate Change, 5(5): 424-430.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate2563 |
[37] |
Narama C, Kääb A, Duishonakunov M et al., 2010. Spatial variability of recent glacier area changes in the Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia, using Corona (~1970), Landsat (~2000), and ALOS (~2007) satellite data.Global Planetary Change, 71(1/2): 42-54.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.08.002 |
[38] |
Paul F, Bolch T, Kaab A et al., 2015. The glaciers climate change initiative: Methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products.Remote Sensing of Environment, 162: 408-426.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.07.043 |
[39] |
Pfeffer W, Arendt A, Bliss A et al., 2014. The Randolph Glacier Inventory: A globally complete inventory of glaciers.Journal of Glaciology, 60(221): 537-552.
doi: 10.3189/2014JoG13J176 |
[40] |
Rodell M, Famiglietti J, Chen J et al., 2004. Basin scale estimates of evapotranspiration using GRACE and other observations.Geophysical Research Letters, 31(20): L20504.
doi: 10.1029/2004GL020873 |
[41] |
Rodell M, Velicogna I, Famiglietti J, 2009. Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India.Nature, 460(7258): 999-1002.
doi: 10.1038/nature08238 pmid: 19675570 |
[42] |
Schmidt R, Schwintzer P, Flechtner F et al., 2006. GRACE observations of changes in continental TWS.Global Planetary Change, 50(1/2): 112-126.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.11.018 |
[43] |
Sen P, 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s Tau.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324): 1379-1389.
doi: 10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934 |
[44] | Shen Y P, Wang G Y, Ding Y J et al., 2009. Changes in glacier mass balance in watershed of Sary Jaz-Kumarik rivers of Tianshan Mountains in 1957-2006 and their impact on water resources and trend to end of the 21st century. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 31(5): 792-800. (in Chinese) |
[45] |
Swenson S, Chambers D, Wahr J, 2008. Estimating geocenter variations from a combination of GRACE and ocean model output.Journal of Geophysical Research, 113: B08410.
doi: 10.1029/2007JB005338 |
[46] |
Wahr J, Molenarr M, 1998. Time variability of the earth’s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE.Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B12): 30205-30229.
doi: 10.1029/98JB02844 |
[47] | Wahr J, Swenson S, Velicogna I, 2006. Accuracy of GRACE mass estimates.Geophysical Research Letters, 33(6): L06401. |
[48] |
Wang P Y, Li Z Q, Wang W B et al., 2013. Changes of six selected glaciers in the Tomor region, Tian Shan, Central Asia, over the past ~50 years, using high-resolution remote sensing images and field surveying.Quaternary International, 311: 123-131.
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.04.031 |
[49] |
Watkins M, Wiese D N, Yuan D N et al., 2015. Improved methods for observing Earth’s time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons.Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120: 2648-2671.
doi: 10.1002/2014JB011547 |
[50] |
Xavier L, Becker M, Cazenave A et al., 2010. Interannual variability in water storage over 2003-2008 in the Amazon Basin from GRACE space gravimetry, in situ river level and precipitation data.Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(8): 1629-1637.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.02.005 |
[51] | Xie W, Jiang F Q, 2014. Change trend of glaciers in the Hami region. Arid Zone Research, 31(1): 27-31. (in Chinese) |
[52] |
Xu C C, Chen Y N, Chen Y P et al., 2013. Responses of surface runoff to climate change and human activities in the arid region of Central Asia: A case study in the Tarim River Basin, China.Environmental Management, 51(4): 926-938.
doi: 10.1007/s00267-013-0018-8 pmid: 23377191 |
[53] | Yang Z N, 1981. Mountain stream types in Northwest China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 3(2): 14-31. (in Chinese) |
[54] | Yao J Q, Yang Q, Hu W F et al.Hu W F , 2013. Characteristics analysis of water vapor contents around Tianshan Mountains and the relationships with climate factors.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 33(7): 859-864. (in Chinese) |
[55] |
Yatagai A, Kamiguchi K, Arakawa O et al., 2012. APHRODITE: Constructing a long-term daily gridded precipitation dataset for Asia based on a dense network of rain gauges.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(9): 1401-1415.
doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00122.1 |
[56] | Zemp M, Frey M, Gartne-Roer H et al., 2012. WGMS: Fluctuations of Glaciers 2005-2010 (Vol.X). |
[57] | Zemp M, Nussbaumer M, Naegeli K et al., 2013. WGMS: Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin No.12 (2010-2011). |
[58] |
Zou X C, Jin T Y, Zhu G B, 2016. Research on the MASCON method for the determination of local surface mass flux with satellite-satellite tracking technique.Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 59(12): 4623-4632. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.6038/cjg20161223 |
[1] | ZHANG Chi, WU Shaohong, LENG Guoyong. Possible NPP changes and risky ecosystem region identification in China during the 21st century based on BCC-CSM2 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(8): 1219-1232. |
[2] | LIU Haimeng, FANG Chuanglin, FANG Kai. Coupled Human and Natural Cube: A novel framework for analyzing the multiple interactions between humans and nature [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(3): 355-377. |
[3] | LIU Juan, YAO Xiaojun, LIU Shiyin, GUO Wanqin, XU Junli. Glacial changes in the Gangdisê Mountains from 1970 to 2016 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(1): 131-144. |
[4] | BA Wulong, DU Pengfei, LIU Tie, BAO Anming, CHEN Xi, LIU Jiao, QIN Chengxin. Impacts of climate change and agricultural activities on water quality in the Lower Kaidu River Basin, China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(1): 164-176. |
[5] | FAN Zemeng, BAI Ruyu, YUE Tianxiang. Scenarios of land cover in Eurasia under climate change [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(1): 3-17. |
[6] | CHEN Qihui, CHEN Hua, ZHANG Jun, HOU Yukun, SHEN Mingxi, CHEN Jie, XU Chongyu. Impacts of climate change and LULC change on runoff in the Jinsha River Basin [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(1): 85-102. |
[7] | Martha Elizabeth APPLE, Macy Kara RICKETTS, Alice Caroline MARTIN. Plant functional traits and microbes vary with position on striped periglacial patterned ground at Glacier National Park, Montana [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(7): 1127-1141. |
[8] | Yuan ZHANG, Shuying ZANG, Li SUN, Binghe YAN, Tianpeng YANG, Wenjia YAN, E Michael MEADOWS, Cuizhen WANG, Jiaguo QI. Characterizing the changing environment of cropland in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, from 1990 to 2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 658-674. |
[9] | Yujie LIU, Ya QIN, Quansheng GE. Spatiotemporal differentiation of changes in maize phenology in China from 1981 to 2010 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(3): 351-362. |
[10] | ZHONG Linsheng, YU Hu, ZENG Yuxi. Impact of climate change on Tibet tourism based on tourism climate index [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(12): 2085-2100. |
[11] | GAO Jiangbo, JIAO Kewei, WU Shaohong. Investigating the spatially heterogeneous relationships between climate factors and NDVI in China during 1982 to 2013 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(10): 1597-1609. |
[12] | Zhengyong ZHANG, Lin LIU, Xinlin HE, Zhongqin LI, Puyu WANG. Evaluation on glaciers ecological services value inthe Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 101-114. |
[13] | Danyang MA, Haoyu DENG, Yunhe YIN, Shaohong WU, Du ZHENG. Sensitivity of arid/humid patterns in China to future climate change under a high-emissions scenario [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 29-48. |
[14] | Man ZHANG, Yaning CHEN, Yanjun SHEN, Baofu LI. Tracking climate change in Central Asia through temperature and precipitation extremes [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 3-28. |
[15] | Jing ZHANG, Yanjun SHEN. Spatio-temporal variations in extreme drought in China during 1961-2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 67-83. |
|