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Journal of Geographical Sciences    2019, Vol. 29 Issue (1) : 3-28     DOI: 10.1007/s11442-019-1581-6
Research Articles |
Tracking climate change in Central Asia through temperature and precipitation extremes
ZHANG Man1,2(),CHEN Yaning2,*(),SHEN Yanjun3,LI Baofu4
1. College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
3. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, CAS, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
4. College of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, Shandong, China
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Abstract  

Under the impacts of climate change and human activities, great uncertainties still exist in the response of climate extremes, especially in Central Asia (CA). In this study, we investigated spatial-temporal variation trends and abrupt changes in 17 indices of climate extremes, based on daily climate observations from 55 meteorological stations in CA during 1957-2005. We also speculated as to which atmospheric circulation factors had the greatest impacts on climate extremes. Our results indicated that the annual mean temperature (Tav), mean maximum and minimum temperature significantly increased at a rate of 0.32oC/10a, 0.24oC/10a and 0.41oC/10a, respectively, which was far higher than the increasing rates either globally or across the Northern Hemisphere. Other temperature extremes showed widespread significant warming trends, especially for those indices derived from daily minimum temperature. All temperature extremes exhibited spatially widespread rising trends. Compared to temperature changes, precipitation extremes showed higher spatial and temporal variabilities. The annual total precipitation significantly increased at a rate of 4.76 mm/10a, and all precipitation extremes showed rising trends except for annual maximum consecutive dry days (CDD), which significantly decreased at a rate of -3.17 days/10a. On the whole, precipitation extremes experienced slight wetter trends in the Tianshan Mountains, Kazakhskiy Melkosopochnik (Hill), the Kyzylkum Desert and most of Xinjiang. The results of Cumulative Deviation showed that Tav and Txav had a significant abrupt change around 1987, and all precipitation indices experienced abrupt changes in 1986. Spearman’s correlation analysis pointed to Siberian High and Tibetan Plateau Index_B as possibly being the most important atmospheric circulation factors affecting climate extremes in CA. A full quantitative understanding of these changes is crucial for the management and mitigation of natural hazards in this region.
Keywords abrupt change      atmospheric circulation      climate change      climate extremes      spatial-temporal variability      Central Asia     
Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41630859;The CAS “Light of West China” Program, No.2015-XBQN-B-17
Corresponding Authors: CHEN Yaning     E-mail: zhangman14@mails.ucas.ac.cn;chenyn@ms.xjb.ac.cn
Issue Date: 15 March 2019
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ZHANG Man
CHEN Yaning
SHEN Yanjun
LI Baofu
Cite this article:   
ZHANG Man,CHEN Yaning,SHEN Yanjun, et al. Tracking climate change in Central Asia through temperature and precipitation extremes[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 3-28.
URL:  
http://www.geogsci.com/EN/10.1007/s11442-019-1581-6     OR     http://www.geogsci.com/EN/Y2019/V29/I1/3
Figure 1  Location of Central Asia and the meteorological stations
Index Indicator name Definitions Units
Tav Mean Tmean Annual mean temperature oC
Txav Mean Tmax Annual average daily maximum temp oC
Tnav Mean Tmin Annual average daily minimum temp oC
FD0 Frost days Annual count when TN (daily minimum) < 0oC days
ID0 Ice days Annual count when TX (daily maximum) < 0oC days
SU25 Summer days Annual count when TX (daily maximum) > 25oC days
TXx Max Tmax Monthly maximum value of daily maximum temp oC
TNx Max Tmin Monthly maximum value of daily minimum temp oC
TXn Min Tmax Monthly minimum value of daily maximum temp oC
TNn Min Tmin Monthly minimum value of daily minimum temp oC
Prcptot Annual total wet-day precipitation Annual total precipitation in wet days (RR ≥1mm) mm
CDD Consecutive dry days Annual maximum number of consecutive days with RR <1 mm days
CWD Consecutive wet days Annual maximum number of consecutive days with RR ≥1 mm days
R10mm Number of heavy precipitation days Annual count of days when RR ≥10 mm days
R20mm Number of very heavy precipitation days Annual count of days when RR ≥20 mm days
Rx1 day Max 1-day precipitation amount Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation mm
Rx5 day Max 5-day precipitation amount Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation mm
Table 1  Definitions of 17 extreme climate indices chosen for this study
Index MK test Percentage of stations
showing increasing trend		 Percentage of stations showing
significant increasing trend		 Percentage of stations
showing decreasing trend		 Percentage of stations
showing significant decreasing trend
Trend rate Z-value Trends Significance
level (p)
Tav 0.032oC/a 4.89 ↑ 0.01 98.18% 94.55% 1.82% 0
Txav 0.024oC/a 3.39 ↑ 0.01 100% 70.91% 0 0
Tnav 0.041oC/a 5.78 ↑ 0.01 98.18% 94.55% 1.82% 1.82%
FD0 -0.323 days/a -4.71 ↓ 0.01 3.64% 0 96.36% 80.00%
ID0 -0.187 days/a -2.31 ↓ 0.05 3.64% 0 96.36% 25.45%
SU25 0.206 days/a 3.18 ↑ 0.01 96.36% 45.45% 3.64% 1.82%
TXx 0.020oC/a 2.67 ↑ 0.01 81.82% 29.09% 18.18% 1.82%
TNx 0.030oC/a 5.14 ↑ 0.01 87.27% 58.18% 12.73% 1.82%
TXn 0.059oC/a 2.38 ↑ 0.05 96.36% 34.55% 3.64% 0
TNn 0.088oC/a 3.86 ↑ 0.01 100% 70.91% 0 0
Table 2  Temporal variation trends of extreme temperature indices based on MK test during 1957-2005 in CA
Figure 2  Spatial-temporal variation trends of the extreme temperature indices of Tav, Txav and Tnav during 1957-2005 in Central Asia. (a)-(c): Spatial variation trends of (a) Tav, (b) Txav and (c) Tnav (The red filled triangle denotes significant rising trend (P<0.05); the unfilled triangle denotes rising trend but not significant; the black filled inverted-triangle denotes significant falling trend (P<0.05); the unfilled inverted-triangle denotes falling trend but not significant). (d)-(f): Regional annual anomaly series of (d) Tav, (e) Txav and (f) Tnav (The blue column denotes the annual anomaly series and the red dash line represents the linear regression)
Figure 3  Temporal variation trends of extreme temperature indices during 1957-2005 in CA. (a) Tav, (b) Txav, (c) Tnav, (d) TXx, (e) TNx, (f) SU25, (g) FD0, (h) ID0, (i) TXn and (j) TNn. Red dotted line denotes the mean value of each extreme temperature index before and after abrupt change; Black and blue solid lines represent time series variations and 20-year overlapping averages for each precipitation indices, respectively.
Index Cumulative deviation Period Student’s t test
Q/Sqrt(n) Year of change Mean value P value
Tav 2.02* 1987 1957-1986 8.25oC/a -2.87*
1987-2005 9.09oC/a
Txav 1.58* 1987 1957-1986 14.69oC/a -2.10*
1987-2005 15.31oC/a
Tnav 2.36* 1977 1957-1976 1.58oC/a -3.71*
1977-2005 2.66oC/a
FD0 1.97* 1976 1957-1975 154.59 days/a 3.50*
1976-2005 147.41 days/a
ID0 1.37* 1986 1957-1985 70.43 days/a 2.69*
1986-2005 64.17 days/a
SU25 1.55* 1973 1957-1972 109.55 days/a -3.24*
1973-2005 115.47 days/a
TXx 1.80* 1972 1957-1971 37.21oC/a -2.53*
1972-2005 37.99oC/a
TNx 2.17* 1973 1957-1972 22.72oC/a -2.81*
1973-2005 23.58oC/a
TXn 1.85* 1978 1957-1977 -15.67oC/a -3.71*
1978-2005 -13.53oC/a
TNn 2.35* 1978 1957-1977 -26.48oC/a -4.89*
1978-2005 -23.65oC/a
Table 3  Abrupt change of extreme temperature indices based on the test results of cumulative deviation and student’s t test during 1957-2005 in CA
Figure 4  Regional annual anomaly series for each extreme temperature indices. The blue column denotes the annual anomaly series and the red dash line represents the linear regression. (a) TXx, (b) TNx, (c) SU25, (d) FD0, (e) ID0, (f) TXn and (g) TNn.
Figure 5  Spatial variation trends of the extreme temperature indices (a) TXx, (b) TNx, (c) SU25, (d) FD0, (e) ID0, (f) TXn and (g) TNn. The red filled triangle denotes significant rising trend (P<0.05); the unfilled triangle denotes rising trend but not significant; the black filled inverted-triangle denotes significant falling trend (p<0.05); the unfilled inverted-triangle denotes falling trend but not significant.
Index MK test Percentage of stations
showing increasing trend (%)		 Percentage of stations showing
significant increasing trend (%)		 Percentage of stations
showing decreasing trend (%)		 Percentage of stations
showing significant decreasing trend (%)
Trend rate Z-value Trends Significance
level (p)
Prcptot 0.476 mm/a 2.11 ↑ 0.05 81.82 25.45 18.18 1.82
CDD -0.317 days/a -2.26 ↓ 0.05 21.82 1.82 78.18 5.45
CWD 0.001 days/a 0.28 ↑ NS 49.09 3.64 50.91 0
R10mm 0.016 days/a 2.19 ↑ 0.05 76.36 12.73 23.64 1.82
R20mm 0.004 days/a 1.94 ↑ 0.1 69.09 5.45 30.91 0
Rx1 day 0.040 mm/a 2.14 ↑ 0.05 69.09 9.09 30.91 1.82
Rx5 day 0.055 mm/a 1.50 ↑ NS 65.45 10.91 34.55 3.64
Table 4  Temporal variation trend of extreme precipitation indices based on the results of MK test during 1957-2005 in CA
Figure 6  Spatial-temporal variation trends of the extreme precipitation indices of Prcptot, CDD and CWD during 1957-2005 in Central Asia. (a)-(c): Spatial variation trends of (a) Prcptot, (b) CDD and (c) CWD. (The red filled triangle denotes significant rising trend (P<0.05); the unfilled triangle denotes rising trend but not significant; the black filled inverted-triangle denotes significant falling trend (P<0.05); the unfilled inverted-triangle denotes falling trend but not significant). (d)-(f): Regional annual anomaly series of (d) Prcptot, (e) CDD and (f) CWD (The blue column denotes the annual anomaly series and the red dash line represents the linear regression).
Figure 7  Temporal variation trends of extreme precipitation indices during 1957-2005 in CA. (a) Prcptot, (b) CDD, (c) CWD, (d) R10mm, (e) R20mm, (f) Rx1 day and (g) Rx5 day. Red dotted line denotes the mean value of each extreme temperature indices before and after abrupt change; Black and blue solid lines represent time series variations and 20-year overlapping averages for each precipitation indices, respectively.
Index Cumulative deviation Periods Student’s t test
Q/Sqrt(n) Year of change Mean value P value
Prcptot 1.44* 1986 1957-1985 147.25 mm/a -2.64*
1986-2005 164.88 mm/a
CDD 1.58* 1986 1957-1985 113.49 days/a 2.75*
1986-2005 103.10 days/a
CWD 0.81 1986 1957-1985 2.99 days/a -∞*
1986-2005 3.09 days/a
R10mm 1.41* 1986 1957-1985 3.24 days/a -1.94
1986-2005 3.80 days/a
R20mm 1.39* 1986 1957-1985 0.67 days/a -∞*
1986-2005 0.82 days/a
Rx1 day 1.60* 1986 1957-1985 17.80 mm/a -2.57*
1986-2005 19.29 mm/a
Rx5 day 1.52* 1986 1957-1985 25.79 mm/a -2.84*
1986-2005 28.27 mm/a
Table 5  Abrupt change of extreme precipitation indices based on the test results of cumulative deviation and student’s t test for extreme precipitation indices during 1957-2005 in CA
Figure 8  Regional annual anomaly series for each extreme precipitation indices. The blue column denotes the annual anomaly series and the red dash line represents the linear regression. (a) R10mm, (b) R20mm, (c) Rx1 day and (d) Rx5 day.
Figure 9  Spatial variation trends of the extreme precipitation indices (a) R10mm, (b) R20mm, (c) Rx1 day, (d) Rx5 day. The red filled triangle denotes significant rising trend (P<0.05); the unfilled triangle denotes rising trend but not significant; the black filled inverted-triangle denotes significant falling trend (P<0.05); the unfilled inverted-triangle denotes falling trend but not significant.
Circulation index Indices
Tav Txav Tnav FD0 ID0 SU25 TXx TNx TXn TNn
AAO 0.153 0.216 0.139 -0.049 -0.144 0.078 -0.074 0.153 0.179 0.182
AO 0.247 0.194 0.272 -0.145 -0.157 0.112 0.092 0.028 0.336* 0.271
NAO -0.053 -0.062 0.003 0.079 0.070 0.089 -0.059 -0.104 0.158 0.099
NOI -0.166 -0.046 -0.260 0.264 0.143 0.125 0.054 0.055 -0.119 -0.228
PDO 0.085 -0.101 0.217 -0.150 0.013 -0.002 0.089 0.235 0.160 0.310*
PNA 0.171 0.085 0.248 -0.230 -0.143 0.038 0.098 0.137 0.088 0.214
SH -0.415** -0.331* -0.457** 0.320* 0.507** 0.066 0.004 -0.005 -0.350* -0.365*
SOI -0.172 -0.071 -0.254 0.317* 0.058 -0.061 0.074 0.057 0.010 -0.094
TPI_B 0.312* 0.281 0.326* -0.254 -0.377** 0.028 -0.129 0.073 0.022 0.120
WCI_DJFc 0.402** 0.277 0.485** -0.382* -0.265 0.266 -0.042 0.300 0.347* 0.394**
Table 6  The correlation coefficient values between temperature extremes in CA and atmospheric circulations
Circulation index Indices
Prcptot CDD CWD R10mm R20mm Rx1 day Rx5 day
AAO -0.039 0.024 -0.102 -0.115 0.115 -0.112 -0.149
AO -0.048 -0.139 0.045 -0.038 -0.113 -0.045 -0.077
NAO -0.115 -0.012 -0.089 -0.099 -0.245 -0.119 -0.185
NOI -0.218 0.097 -0.127 -0.261 -0.143 -0.218 -0.059
PDO 0.252 -0.246 0.056 0.243 0.094 0.226 0.146
PNA 0.359* -0.312* 0.039 0.324* 0.300* 0.342* 0.315*
SH -0.313* 0.170 -0.204 -0.265 -0.232 -0.199 -0.131
SOI -0.191 0.063 -0.123 -0.191 -0.126 -0.170 -0.070
TPI-B 0.531** -0.422** 0.311* 0.516** 0.568** 0.344* 0.451**
WCI_DJF 0.117 -0.269 0.195 0.082 0.015 0.212 0.258
Table 7  The correlation coefficient values between precipitation extremes in CA and atmospheric circulations
Figure 10  Time series variations between TPI_B and extreme precipitation indices (a)-(b); and between SH and extreme temperature indices (c)-(d)
Index CA (five countries and Xinjiang of China
(1957-2005)		 Northwestern China
(1960-2003)		 Middle East (1950-2003) Eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (1961-2005) Southwestern China
(1961-2008)		 China (1961-2003) Global
(1951-2003)
Tav 4.89* 5.45*
Txav 3.39* 3.96*
Tnav 5.78* 6.77*
FD0 -4.71* -3.24* -0.6 -4.32* -0.29* -3.73*
ID0 -2.31* -2.75* -2.46* -0.09
SU25 3.18* 1
TXx 2.67* 0.17 0.07 0.28* 0.11* 0.07 0.21*
TNx 5.14* 0.32* 0.23* 0.25* 0.17* 0.21* 0.30*
TXn 2.38* 0.61* 0.2 0.30* 0.13* 0.35* 0.37
TNn 3.86* 0.85* 0.28* 0.69* 0.29* 0.63* 0.71*
Data Source This study Wang et al. (2013b) and Chen et al (2014) Zhang et al. (2005) You et al.
(2008)		 Li et al.
(2012)		 You et al.
(2011)		 Alexander
et al. (2006)
Table 8  Trends of extreme temperature indices from this study and other works
Index CA (five countries and Xinjiang of China) (1957-
2005)		 CA (five countries）(1938-
2005)		 Northwestern China
(1960-2003)		 Middle East (1950-
2003)		 Eastern and central Tibetan Plateau (1961-
2005)		 Southwestern China
(1961-
2008)		 China (1961-
2003)		 Global (1951-
2003)
Prcptot 2.11* 3.60* 6.82* -0.3 6.66 0.03 3.21 10.59*
CDD -2.26* -2.68* -4.85* -5.0* -4.64* -0.05 -1.22 -0.05
CWD 0.28 1.70 0.047* -0.07 -0.08*
R10mm 2.19* 2.67* 0.22* -0.03 0.23 0
R20mm 1.94 2.97* 0
Rx1 day 2.14* 0.77 0.63* 0 0.27 0.05* 1.37 0.85*
Rx5 day 1.50 1.85* 0.98* 0 -0.08 0.03 1.90 0.55
Data Source This study Zhang et al. (2017) Wang et al. (2013a) Zhang et al. (2005) You et al. (2008) Li et al.
(2012)		 You et al.
(2011)		 Alexander et al. (2006)
Table 9  Trends of extreme precipitation indices from this study and other works
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